Anatomy Exam Two Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
During filling the pressure in the atria is ___________ than the ventricles
A
higher
2
Q
The overarching order of events in the cardiac cycle is:
A
__4__ Blood flow
__2__ Cardiac Muscle Contraction
__1__ Electrical conducting system and Cardiac Muscle Excitation
__3__ Pressure changes
3
Q
Match EKG events to electrical events in the heart Atrial depolarization (excitation)
A
P-wave
4
Q
Ventricular depolarization
A
QRS complex
5
Q
Atrial repolarization
A
QRS complex
6
Q
Ventricular repolarization
A
T wave
7
Q
period of lack of electrical activity
A
isoelectric line
8
Q
Pressure in the ventricles is ___________ than the atria during ventricular relaxation
A
lower
9
Q
True or False: The papillary muscle contract together with the rest of the ventricular muscle
A
True
10
Q
Activated to increase activity of the digestive system
A
parasympathetic nervous system
11
Q
Craniosacral in origin
A
parasympathetic
12
Q
Short preganglionic nerves
A
sympathetic
13
Q
This structure provides concious input to the autonomic nervous system.
A
Cerebral cortex
14
Q
Targets adrenergic receptors
A
sympathetic
15
Q
Has pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons
A
both sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
16
Q
This structure has direct control over autonomic functions, often via neurally based reflex arcs
A
Brain stem
17
Q
Would lead to bronchodilation
A
sympathetic nervous system
18
Q
Activated to speed up heart rate
A
sympathetic nervous system
19
Q
Causes widespread vasoconstriction
A
sympathetic nervous system
20
Q
The driving force of blood flow is a(n) __________ gradient.
A
pressure
21
Q
During the filling of the atria and ventricles
A
AV valves are open
22
Q
Order these structures for conveying electrical signals through the heart.
A
__5__ left and right bundle branches
__7__ ventricular muscle
__1__ sinoatrial node
__3__ atrioventricular node
__6__ Purkinje fibers
__2__ atrial muscle
__4__ bundle of His
23
Q
Place these structures in the order that blood returning to the heart from the body would pass through.
A
__6__ lungs
__9__ left atrioventricular valve
__4__ pulmonary semilunar valve
__10__ left ventricle
__2__ right atrioventricular valve
__7__ pulmonary veins
__11__ aortic semiluar valve
__5__ pulmonary arteries
__3__ right ventricle
__1__ right atrium
__8__ left atrium
__12__ aorta
24
Q
Match the EKG abnormality to it’s underlying malfunction SA node is non functional
A
Junctional Rhythm
25
AV node only conducts some of the SA node excitations.
2nd degree heart block
26
The electrical activity on the heart is completely disorganized and follows no pattern.
Fibrillation
27
The best definition of end diastolic volume is:
the volume of blood in the ventricles after ventricular relaxation
28
Which term defines the following: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute
cardiac output
29
Select all of the following choices that can result in increased contractility
Increased Epinephrine levels and Increased sympathetic activation
30
Which receptor is responsible for autonomic stimulation causing increased heart rate
beta-1 adrenergic
31
This structure transmits parasympathetic motor signals to the heart
vagus nerve
32
Which of the following factors most likely explains lowered end systolic volume
increased myocardial contractility
33
If you remove autonomic control of the heart from a person at rest, what will happen:
heart rate will slow down
34
Which of the following best explains the molecular mechanism underlying the Frank-Starling law of the heart.
Increased intracellular calcium in myocardial cells enhances contraction force
35
Select all of the following choices that can result in increased heart rate
Increased sympathetic activation and Increased Norepinephrine levels
36
This structure transmits sympathetic motor signals to the heart
cardiac nerve plexus
37
This structure transmits visceral sensory signals from the heart to the brain
vagus and glossopharyngeal nerves
38
Which term defines the following: the volume of blood ejected from the heart per beat
stroke volume
39
Contractility is best defined as
the force of myocardial contraction, independent of end diastolic volume
40
According to the FRANK-STARLING Law of the Heart:
* Greater ventricular stretch results in greater stroke volume
* Longer myocardial fibers result in more cross bridges which results in greater contractile force
* Greater ventricular end diastolic volume result in greater force of myocardial contraction
*Greater stretch equal more blood expelled
41
In which situation would the stroke volume be the smallest?
when the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is small
42
True or False: When using the respiratory pump, decreased intrathoracic pressure helps to lower pressure in the vena cavae resulting in increased venous return.
True
43
The best definition of end systolic volume is:
the volume of blood in the ventricles after ventricular contraction
44
Which term defines the following: the amount of blood pumped out of the heart each minute
cardiac output
45
Select all of the following choices that can result in increased contractility
Increased Epinephrine levels
Increased sympathetic activation
46
Select all of the following choices that can result in increased stroke volume
Contraction of skeleton muscles surrounding large veins
Increased sympathetic activation
Increased function of the respiratory pump
Constriction of smooth muscle around veins
Increased Epinephrine levels
47
Select all of the following choices that can result in increased heart rate
Increased sympathetic activation
Increased Norepinephrine levels
48
Type your answer below. Do not include units.
If the HR is 70 bpm and the SV is 60 mL, the cardiac output would be exactly equal to:
___4200___
49
In which situation would the stroke volume be the smallest?
when the difference between the end diastolic volume and the end systolic volume is small
50
Which receptor is responsible for autonomic stimulation causing decreased heart rate
muscarinic
51
Which receptor is responsible for autonomic stimulation of contractility
beta-1 adrenergic
52
If capillary hydrostatic pressure is higher than normal, you might expect
increased filtration at capillary beds
53
The force exerted by plasma proteins helping to pull water towards the blood
colloid osmotic pressure
54
Body-wide vasodilation occurs because
an decrease in sympathetic output
55
This type of blood vessel is low pressure and has valves that prevent backwards flow
veins
56
Baroreceptor for monitoring mean arterial pressure are found in the:
carotid body and aorta
57
This type of blood vessel has the highest pressure
aorta
58
Contraction of the smooth muscle surround arterioles results in
vasoconstriction
59
The blood vessels primarily responsible for total peripheral vascular resistance
arterioles
60
Which of the following factors influence flow of blood.
blood pressure
blood vessel length
blood viscosity
vascular resistance
blood vessel radius
61
True or False: Filtration is typically greater than absorption at capillary beds over the course of a day.
True
62
When tissues are metabolically inactive (at rest):
precapillary sphincters contract, reducing blood flow to the tissue
63
The force exerted by blood pressure helping to push water out of blood vessels
capillary hydrostatic pressure
64
When oxygen levels in a tissue drop:
precapillary sphincters relax, increasing blood flow to the tissue
65
True or False: Filtration and absorption at capillary beds are typically equal over the course of a day.
False
66
This layer is generally the thickest in the vessel where it if found
vascular smooth muscle
67
This type of blood vessel has the lowest pressure
vena cava
68
This type of blood vessels is primarily responsible for generating ‘resistance’.
arterioles
69
This structures is the open center of blood vessels where blood flows
lumen
70
This layer is found in all blood vessels
endothelium
71
Each of the following factors would increase peripheral vascular resistance except one. Identify the exception.
vasodilation
72
Choose the factor that causes an increase in vascular resistance.
vasoconstriction
73
In a given day, there is more fluid filtered than absorbed, potentially resulting in a excess of fluid in the interstitial spaces in the body. how does the body prevent this?
the lymphatic system collects excess fluid and returns it to circulation
74
How do the precapillary sphincters and the vessels they control respond to increased metabolism in the tissues they perfuse?
relax
shunt blood towards the tissue
vasodilate
75
Increased viscosity results in:
increased vascular resistance and increased blood pressure
76
Body-wide vasodilation occurs because
an decrease in sympathetic output
77
If the concentration of albumin is lower than normal, you might expect
increased filtration at capillary beds
78
Contraction of the smooth muscle surround arterioles results in
vasoconstriction
79
Increased blood vessel length results in:
increased vascular resistance and increased blood pressure
80
The autonomic nervous system controls _____ functions
VISCERAL/SUBCONCIOUS
81
All preganglionic autonomic neurons release _____ at autonomic ganglia
ACETYLCHOLINE
82
The location of cell bodies of the parasympathetics is:
CRANIOSACRAL
83
Sympathetic postganglionic neurons release ______ onto target tissues
NOREPINPHRINE/EPINPHRINE
84
Do postganglionic autonomics have a myelin sheath
NO
85
Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons release ___ onto target tissues
ACETYLCHOLINE
86
The adrenal medulla is allied with the SYMPATHETICS and releases these two chemicals as
hormones:_____
NOREPINPHRINE and EPINPHRINE
87
ADRENERGIC receptors are targets of the sympathetic nervous system and include the
following subtypes:
1) alpha 1
2) alpha 2
3) beta 1
4) beta 2
5) beta 3
88
______receptors are found in autonomic ganglia while MUSCARINIC receptors are found on
target organs of the parasympathetic ANS
NICOTINIC
89
T or F: The cerebral cortex can exert conscious control over the autonomic nervous system.
TRUE
90
Blood leaving the right ventricle passes the ______ valve and then enters the
________trunk and ______ arteries
PULMONARY x3
91
These two structures CHORDAE TENDINAE and PAPILLARY MUSCLES attach to the
atrioventricular valves and prevent the valve flaps from
VERTING/PUSHING INTO THE ATRIA
92
The movement of the valves (opening and closing) in the heart is driven by
PRESSURE
93
Signal from the sinoatrial node reaches the atrioventricular node by traveling through the
ATRIAL MUSCLE
94
In a second degree heart block, this node fails to fire occasionally
AV
95
The 2nd heart sounds occurs when:
SEMILUNAR VALVES CLOSE
96
During the isovolumetric contraction, the valves are:
CLOSED
97
If left atrial pressure exceeds left ventricular pressure, blood flows from the _____ to the
_____
ATRIUM
VENTRICLE
98
A heart rate of 80 bpm with a stroke volume of 50 mL/beat would result in a cardiac output of:
4000 mL/min
99
An increase in end diastolic volume with no change in end systolic volume will result in an
_______in stroke volume
INCREASE
100
Name the three mechanisms that lead to an increase in venous return:
1) CONTRACTION OF VASCULAR SMOOTH MUSCLE ON VEINS
2) CONTRACTION OF SKELETAL MUSCLE SURROUNDING VEINS
3) RESPIRATORY PUMP
101
A DECREASE in end systolic volume is achieved by an increase in ______ of the
myocardium. This will increase stroke volume.
CONTRACTILITY
102
Activation of the ____nervous system will result in increased contractility.
SYMPATHETIC
103
This ion is KEY in determining the contractile force of the myocardium:
CALCIUM
104
The myocardium is supplied by the following special circulation:
CORONARY
105
The _____ circulation supplies the heart muscle while the SYSTEMIC circulation supplies
the rest of the body while the PULMONARY CIRCULATION connects the heart to the lungs..
CORONARY
106
Name two major differences between arteries and veins
Amount of elastic material and
smooth muscle
107
The VASO VASORUM supplies blood and nervous connection to blood vessels, particularly the
tunica _____
MEDIA
108
Most blood vessels are only supplied by this part of the autonomic nervous system:
SYMPATHETIC
109
Name the three types of capillaries, rank them in terms of flow rate across the endotheliaum
and give one example of a organ where each is found
Continuous – slow, skin/muscle/brain/lungs
Fenestrated – moderate, kidney/intestines/glands
Sinusoid – high, liver/spleen/bone marrow/adrenal medulla
110
Name the 4 processes by which fluids move across all types of capillaries
DIFFUSION, BULK FLOW (CLEFTS), BULK FLOW (FENSTRATIONS), PINOCYTOSIS
111
The main force (pressure) driving filtration is
CHP while the main force driving absorption is:
COP
112
This molecule is responsible for generating most of the osmotic pressure in the blood.
ALBUMIN
113
A tissue with high levels of oxygen would have blood shunted TOWARDS or AWAY
AWAY
114
A tissue with high levels of carbon dioxide would have blood shunted TOWARDS or AWAY
TOWARDS
115
Name three variables that influence peripheral vascular resistance and explain how they do so
Viscosity – high viscosity = increased resistance.
Radius – small diameter = increased resistance
Length – long vessels = increased resistance
116
True or False: A blood pressue of 150 / 100 is ‘normal
FALSE
117
Name 5 factors that can cause hypertension. For each, name the physiological mechanism that
links the factor to blood pressure.
Stress – Cardiac Output
Obsesity – vessel length – resistance
Atherosclerosis – reduced vessel diameter – resistance
Diabetes – increased blood viscocity
Volume Overload (several diseases, often renal-realted) – increase total blood volume –
blood pressue
