Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Anatomy > Anatomy final > Flashcards

Anatomy final Flashcards

(351 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

4 types of tissue

A

Epithelium
Connective
Muscular
Nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Two layers of basement membranes

A

Basal lamina = top

Reticular lamina = bottom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Another name for tight junctions

A

Occluding junctions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Most permeable epithelium

A

Simple squamous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Epithelium where absorption takes place

A

Simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Stratified columnar epithlelium in the…

A

Male reproductive tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Exocrine cells have…

A

An EXit duct

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Endocrine cells secrete into…

A

Extracellular fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Holocrine

A

Cell bursts -> contents released

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Stratified cuboidal epithelium most common in…

A

Glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

4 types of membrane

A

Mucous
Serous = mesothelium
Synovial
Cutaneous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mucous membrane line…

A

Passageways communicating with exterior - digestive, respiratory, urinary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Another name for serous membranes

A

Mesothelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Serous membranes line…

A

Ventral body cavities

Eg. pericardium, peritoneum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Transitional epithelium is in the…

A

Urinary bladder + kidneys

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Synovial membranes line…

A

Joint cavities

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cutaneous membranes in the…

A

Skin + integumentary system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Functions of connective tissue

A 
Protection
Storage
Transport
Defence
Connecting tissues + organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Types of connective tissue

A

Proper
Fluid
Supporting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Proper connective tissue

A

Loose - areolar, adipose, reticular

Dense - regular, irregular, elastic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Types of cartilage

A

Elastic
Hyaline
Fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Types of bone

A

Trabecular/spongy

Compact

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Ground substance is made up of

A

Glycoproteins + proteoglycans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Blast cells secrete…

A

Ground substance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Connective tissue fibres
Elastin Collagen Reticulin
26
Mesenchymal cells =
Connective tissue stem cells
27
Connective tissue stem cells =
Mesenchymal cells
28
Mast cells stimulate...
Inflammation
29
Location of areolar tissue
Between muscles | Around blood vessels, nerves + joints
30
Location of adipose tissue
Beneath skin
31
Function of areolar tissue
Packing + cushioning
32
Function of adipose tissue
Cushioning | Energy storage - lipids
33
Function of reticular tissue
Supporting framework
34
Location of reticular tissue
Liver Kidney Spleen Bone marrow
35
Cutaneous membrane =
Epidermis + dermis
36
Layers of the dermis
Papillary | Reticular
37
Functions of dense connective tissue
Firm attachments Force transmission Reduced friction Stabilise positioning of bones
38
Tissue in tendons + ligaments
Dense regular connective tissue | Lots of collagen + elastin
39
Location of dense irregular connective tissue
Joint capsules + visceral organs | Periostea + perichondria
40
Function of dense irregular connective tissue
Resists force in many directions | Prevents overexpansion of organs
41
Location of dense elastic connective tissue
Some spinal ligaments | Underlies transitional epithelium - contraction + expansion
42
Chondroblasts age and become
Chondrocytes
43
Chamber for chondrocytes + osteocytes
Lacuna
44
Hyaline cartilage has no...
Perichondrium
45
Perichondrium surrounds...
Cartilage
46
Outer perichondrium function
Support | Connections to other structures
47
Inner perichondrium function
Growth + maintenance of cartilage
48
Location of hyaline cartilage
Between ribs Covers bones at joint surfaces Supports larynx, trachea + bronchi
49
Function of hyaline cartilage
Strong + flexible support | Reduces friction between bones
50
Nourishment for hyaline cartilage comes from...
Synovial fluid
51
Location of elastic cartilage
Outer ear Epiglottis Auditory tubes
52
Function of elastic cartilage
Support | Tolerate distortion
53
Increased vascularity enables...
Faster healing
54
Location of fibrocartilage
Intervertebral discs - nucleus pulposus Menisci Pubic symphysis
55
Function of fibrocartilage
Allows movement of spine Shock absorption Resistance to compression Prevents bone-bone contact
56
Osteon is made up of....
Concentric rings of lamellae served by one blood vessel hair
57
Blood vessel hair in bone is made up of...
Arteriole + venule
58
Location of blood vessel hair in bone =
Central canal
59
One ring of osteocytes
Lamella
60
Osteocytes in an osteon are connected by...
Canaliculi
61
Function of osteoclasts
Bone breakdown + remodelling
62
Osteoclasts move via...
Blood vessels in bone
63
Osteoprogenitor cells
Bone stem cells
64
What is in canaliculi?
Protrusions from osteoblasts | Enable connections of cells
65
Osteoid
Matrix of bone
66
Matrix of bone
Osteoid
67
Shaft of bone
Diaphysis
68
End of bone
Epiphysis
69
Medullary cavity of bone is surrounded by...
Endosteum - compact bone
70
Periosteum
Surrounds bone
71
Layers of periosteum
``` Outer = fibrous Inner = cellular ```
72
Circumfrential lamellae are served by the...
Periosteum
73
Periosteum is continuous with...
Collagen of bone
74
Endochondral ossification =
Bone formation originating from cartilage
75
Intramembranous ossification occurs in the...
Skull
76
Cartilage used for endochondral ossification
Hyaline
77
Secondary ossification site...
Centres of epiphysis
78
Type of cartilage in epiphyseal growth plates
Hyaline
79
Epimysium
Surrounds whole muscle
80
Connective tissue at end of muscle
Tendon
81
Perimysium
Surrounds fasicles
82
Endomysium
Surrounds fibres = muscle cells
83
Titin
Non-contractile protein
84
Function of titin in muscles
Holds myosin filaments to Z line
85
Troponin
Balls blocking actin sites for myosin
86
Tropomyosin
'Thread' holding troponin in place
87
Nebulin
Non-contractile protein in between actin filaments
88
Function of nebulin in muscles
Holds actin in correct positioning
89
I band
Isotropic = light | Only actin filaments
90
A band
Anisotropic = dark | All areas in which myosin filaments are
91
H band
Only myosin filaments | No actin
92
Terminal cisternae
Stores calcium ions
93
Strength training leads to
An increase in sarcomere content of muscles
94
Location of transverse tubules
Adjacent to terminal cisternae
95
Function of transverse tubules
Transmits signals from sarcolemma to terminal cisternae
96
Neurotransmitter used at neuromuscular junctions
Acetylcholine
97
Calcium binds to _________ to activate muscle contraction
Troponin
98
Parallel muscle
Biceps brachii
99
Convergent muscle
Pectoralis major
100
Unipennate muscle
Brachioradialis
101
Bipennate muscle
Rectus femoris
102
Multipennate muscle
Deltoid
103
Circular muscle
Orbicularis oris
104
Longer muscle fibres lead to...
Greater range of movement
105
Tissue type in retinacula
Connective
106
Functions of retinacula
Holds tendons in correct position | Holds tendons close to bone
107
Increased cross-sectional area of muscle ->
Increased force production
108
Increased stability of joint ->
Decreased range of movement
109
Synovial membrane tissue
Epithelial
110
Removal of patella ->
Different angle of patellar ligament -> decreased effectiveness of thigh muscles
111
Structural classification of joints
``` Gliding Hinge Ellipsoid = condylar Pivot Saddle Ball + socket ```
112
Skull joints
Synarthrosis
113
Contraction of right sternocleidomastoid muscle ->
Left rotation of head | Contralateral movement
114
How many cervical vertebrae?
7
115
How many thoracic vertebrae?
12
116
How many lumbar vertebrae?
5
117
How many sacral vertebrae?
5
118
Sacrum is a fusion of...
5 sacral vertebrae
119
Atlanto-occipital joint is between
C1 (Atlas) + C2 (Axis)
120
Atlas has no...
Vertebral body
121
Extra bit on axis =
Dens
122
Protrusion from axis to atlas =
Dens
123
Function of dens
Connects atlas + axis to form atlanto-occipital joint
124
Atlas supports the
Occipital condyles of skull
125
Supraspinous ligament connects...
All spinous processes of vertebrae
126
Supraspinous ligament location
C7-sacrum
127
Supraspinous ligament becomes the...
Ligamentum nuchae
128
Ligamentum nuchae location
C7-skull
129
Increased size of intervertebral discs ->
Increased range of movement
130
Nucleus pulposus =
Centre of intervertebral disc | Fibrocartilage
131
Anulus fibrosus
Outer of intervertebral disc | Dense connective tissue
132
External intercostal muscles activated for...
Inhalation
133
Internal intercostal muscles activated for...
Exhalation
134
Direction of external intercostal muscles
Up + out
135
Direction of internal intercostal muscles
Down + in
136
Direction of external oblique contraction
Contralateral - down + in
137
Direction of internal oblique contraction
Ipsilateral
138
Contraction of subclavius muscle ->
Ribs move up -> inhalation
139
Contraction of sternocleidomastoid muscles ->
Ribs move up -> inhalation
140
What joint connects upper limb to the axial skeleton?
Sternoclavicular
141
Three joints in the shoulder region
Glenohumeral Sternoclavicular Acromioclavicular
142
Function of acromioclavicular joint
Prevents upward movement of humerus
143
Classification of acromioclavicular joint
Planar
144
Bursae in the glenohumeral joint
Subcoracoid Subscapular Subacromial
145
Carpal bones joint classification
Planar
146
Which pectoralis moves the arm?
Major
147
Attachments of pectoralis minor
Coracoid process + ribs
148
Which rhomboid muscle is superior?
Minor
149
Rotator cuff muscles
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Subscapularis Teres minor
150
Radioulnar joint classifications
Pivot
151
Elbow joint =
Humeroulnar
152
Elbow joint classification
Hinge
153
Membrane between radius + ulna =
Antebrachial interosseous membrane
154
Hand shake muscle =
Brachioradialis
155
Collateral ligaments on elbow
``` Radial = lateral Ulnar = medial ```
156
Annular ligament location
Holds radius to humerus -> increased stability of elbow
157
Pronator teres location
Near elbow | Attaches to medial side of radius
158
Pronator quadratus location
Near wrist
159
Supinator location
Near elbow | Attaches to lateral side of radius
160
Flexors of hands + fingers on the _______ side of the forearm
Anterior
161
Medial extensors + flexors of wrist + fingers contract ->
Adduction of hand
162
Biceps brachii is most effective when...
Forearm is supinated
163
Antagonist of biceps brachii
Pronator teres + pronator quadratus
164
Radiocarpal joint =
Scaphoid, lunate + radius
165
Forearm bone most effective at wrist
Radius
166
Radiocarpal joint classification
Condylar
167
Scaphoid =
Biggest carpal bone touching radius
168
Lunate =
Middle carpal bone
169
Metacarpal bones form the...
Palm of the hand
170
Metacarpophalangeal joint locations
Knuckles at end of hand
171
Metacarpophalangeal joint classification
``` 2-5 = ellipsoid 1 = saddle ```
172
Interphalangeal joint locations
Middle + end of fingers
173
Interphalangeal joint classification
Hinge
174
Carpometacarpal joint location
Palm of hand to wrist | Carpal bones + metacarpal bones
175
Carpometacarpal joint classification
``` 2-5 = plane 1 = saddle ```
176
Extensors of hand + wrist are on the ________ side of the forearm
Posterior
177
Thenar muscles act on the...
Thumb
178
Hypothenar muscles act on the...
Smallest finger
179
How many layers of muscles in the hand?
4
180
Ligaments stabilising the sacroiliac joint
Sacroiliac Sacrospinous Sacrotuberous
181
Pubic symphysis joint classification
Amphiarthrosis
182
Cartilage in pubic symphysis
Fibrocartilage
183
Three bones in hip bone =
Ilium Ischium Pubis
184
Function of acetabular labrum
Deepen socket of acetabulum
185
Ligament connecting femoral head + acetabulum
Ligamentum capitis femoris
186
Iliopsoas muscle =
Psoas major + iliacus
187
Gluteal muscles =
Gluteus medius Gluteus maximus Gluteus minimus
188
Adductors of the thigh
``` Pectineus Adductor brevis Adductor longus Adductor magnus Gracilis ```
189
Hamstrings
Biceps femoris - lateral Semintendinosus - medial Semimembranosus - middle
190
Quadriceps
``` Rectus femoris Vastus lateralis Vastus intermedius Vastus medialis Tensor vastus intermedius ```
191
Function of the tensor vastus intermedius
Positions vastus lateralis -> increased effectiveness
192
Female pubic angle
>100
193
Male pubic angle
<90
194
Only quadricep affecting hip
Rectus femoris
195
Primary movement of quadriceps =
Extension of leg at knee
196
Type of cartilage in menisci
Fibrocartilage
197
Collateral ligaments in the knee are tighest when...
Knee is fully extended
198
Anterior cruciate ligament is tightest when...
Knee is fully extended
199
Posterior cruciate ligament is tightest when...
Knee is fully flexed
200
Popliteus muscle rotates:
Tibia medially | Femur laterally
201
Popliteal ligament location
Posterior
202
Patellar ligament location
Anterior
203
Soleus muscle is ___________ to the gastrocnemius
Deep
204
Tibiofibular joint classification
Gliding
205
Calcaneus bone location
Dorsal side of foot at heal
206
Talocrural joint =
Lower leg + talus
207
Talocrural joint classification
Specialised hinge
208
Plantar flexion
Pointing toes
209
Dorsiflexion
Toes towards sky
210
Neuroglial cells in the PNS
Satellite cells | Schwann cells
211
Function of satellite cells
Regulate exchange of material with neuron + environment
212
Function of Schwann cells
Myelin sheath on PNS
213
Neuroglial cells in the CNS
Oligodendrocytes Astrocytes Microglia Ependymal cells
214
Function of astrocytes
Blood-brain barrier | Regulate ion, nutrient + gas transport to neurons
215
Function of microglia
Remove cell waste + debris from CNS by phagocytosis
216
Function of ependymal cells
Line brain ventricles + central canal | Produce + circulate CSF
217
Function of oligodendrocytes
Myelinate CNS neurons
218
Direction of nervous impulse travel through a cell
Dendrite -> terminal boutons
219
Pericardial cavity is filled with...
Serous fluid
220
Pericardial cavity separates the...
Pericardium + heart
221
Function of serous fluid in the pericardial cavity
Lubricant between pericardium + myocardium
222
Function of intercalated discs in myocardium
Increase speed of impulse transmission
223
Function of chordae tendineae
Hold heart valves in place to prevent inversion
224
Chordae tendineae attach to...
Papillary muscles
225
AV valves are closed during...
Systole
226
Valves open during systole
Semilunar valves - pulmonary + aortic
227
Cartilaginous heart valves
Pulmonary + aortic
228
Rate of SA node
120bpm
229
Rate of AV node
60bpm
230
Parasympathetic innervation of the heart comes from the...
Vagus nerve
231
Cardiac veins feed into the...
Coronary sinus
232
Coronary sinus feeds into the...
Right atrium
233
Left coronary artery becomes the...
Anterior interventricular artery
234
Right coronary artery becomes the...
Posterior interventricular artery
235
Coronary artery bypass grafting uses the ____________ vein
Saphenous
236
Epithelium of the respiratory tract
Pseudostratified ciliated columnar
237
Precapillary sphincters contract ->
Blood directed elsewhere
238
Which primary bronchi has a larger diameter?
Right
239
Type 1 alveolar cells
Gas exchange
240
Type 2 alveolar cells
Surfactant-producing
241
Function of surfactant
Reduce surface tension of alveoli -> prevent collapse
242
Parietal pleural membrane covers...
Inner surface of the thorax
243
Visceral pleural membrane covers...
Outer surface of the lungs
244
Space between pleural membranes =
Pleural cavity
245
Nerve controlling the diaphragm =
Phrenic nerve
246
Respiratory control centre is in the...
Pons + medulla
247
Pressure in pleural cavity is...
Subatmospheric
248
Infundibulum connects the...
Hypothalamus + posterior pituitary
249
Posterior pituitary is also called the...
Neurohypophysis
250
Anterior pituitary is also called the...
Adenohypophysis
251
Portal system connecting the hypothalamus + anterior pituitary
Hypophyseal portal system
252
TRH
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
253
TRH produced in the...
Hypothalamus
254
TRH goes to...
Anterior pituitary
255
TSH
Thyroid stimulating hormone
256
TSH produced in the...
Anterior pituitary
257
TSH goes to...
Thyroid gland
258
TSH stimulated by
TRH
259
TSH stimulates...
Production of T3 + T4 in the thyroid gland
260
T3 + T4 produced ->
Metabolic rate increase
261
Cells producing calcitonin
Parafollicular cells in thyroid
262
Effect of calcitonin
Reduces calcium in the blood
263
Effectors of calcitonin
Bone Intestine Kidneys
264
Follicular cells in the thyroids produce...
T3 + T4
265
T3 + T4 produced in the...
Follicular cells of the thyroid gland
266
Hormone having the opposite effect to calcitonin =
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
267
Effect of PTH
Increase calcium in the blood
268
Effectors of PTH
Bone Intestine Kidneys
269
Chief cells in the parathyroid gland produce...
PTH
270
Cells producing PTH
Chief cells in the parathyroid gland
271
Zones in the cortex of the adrenal glands
Zona reticularlis - innermost Zona fasciculata Zona glomerulosa - outermost
272
Zona reticularis is stimulated by...
Pituitary hormones
273
Zona reticularis produces...
Androgens
274
Zona fasciculata is stimulated by...
Adenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) = pituitary hormone
275
Zona fasciculata produces...
Glucocorticoids -> manage glucose levels
276
Zona glomerulosa is stimulated by...
Vascular pressure changes
277
Zona glomerulosa produces...
Mineralcorticoids - aldosterone | Controls minerals in blood -> affects blood pressure
278
Exocrine cells in pancreas =
Acini cells
279
D cells in Islet of Langerhands produce...
Somatostatin
280
Effect of somatostatin =
Inhibits growth hormones
281
Effect of prostaglandins
Inflammation of uterine wall -> increased adherence for egg
282
Contents of prostatic fluid
Weak acids + antibiotics -> removes urine + bacteria in female reproductive tract
283
Spermatogenesis is controlled by
FSH + LH
284
FSH + LH produced in the...
Pituitary
285
Interstitial cells are stimulated by...
LH
286
Interstitial cells produce
Testosterone
287
Function of sustenacular cells
Support spermatogenesis
288
Sustenacular cells are stimulated by...
FSH + testosterone
289
Spermatozoa enter the ______ after the seminiferous tubules
Epididymis
290
Site of spermatogeneis
Seminiferous tubules
291
Function of epididymis
Maturation of sperm + development of tails - 2-3 months
292
Epididymis release sperm into the...
Ductus deferens
293
Ductus deferens go into the...
Abdominal cavity via the inguinal canal
294
Oocyte is surrounded by the ________________ when released from the ovaries
Corona radiata
295
Function of the corona radiata
Protection of the oocyte
296
Entrance to the uterine tubes
Ampulla
297
Fimbriae
Projections from uterine tubes
298
Oocyte enters the ______ when it first leaves the ovaires
Fimbriae
299
Order of oocyte journey from ovary to uterus
Ovary -> fimbriaee -> infundibulum -> uterine tubes -> uterus
300
Sperm deactivates the...
Corona radiata
301
Epithelium of the female reproductive tract =
Simple columnar
302
LH effect
Oocyte release
303
Myometrium =
Smooth muscle around uterus
304
Progesterone effect
Uterus preparation for egg implantation
305
Goblet cells in the endometrium produce...
Mucus rich in sugars -> nourishment
306
Smooth muscle in the GI tract controlled by the _____ nerve
Vagus
307
Large intestine absorbs...
Water + electrolytes
308
What closes the nasal cavity when swallowing?
Soft palate moves upwards
309
Sphincter between stomach + small intestine
Pyloric
310
Layers of the GI tract
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
311
Lacteal
Lymph vessels in villi
312
Function of lacteals
Absorbs fats + large proteins
313
Estrogen increase ->
Proliferation + follicle development
314
Progestin + estrogen increase ->
Endometrium thickness increases
315
Peyer's patches
Aggregated lymph nodules in the ileum
316
Sections of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejenum Ileum
317
Absorptive cells in the small intestine =
Enterocytes
318
Ligament dividing the left + right lobes of the liver
Falciform ligament
319
Function of the gall bladder
Store bile
320
Function of bile
Emulsify fats + neutralise stomach acid
321
Enzymes produced by pancreas
Amylase Trypsin Lipase
322
Cells in pancreas involved in digestion
Acini
323
Valve separating the small + large intestines
Ileocecal valve
324
Epithelium in large intestine
Simple columnar
325
Taenia coli
Longitudinal muscle all along large intestine
326
Smooth muscle causing movements in large intestine
Taenia coli
327
Epithelium of rectum + anus
Stratified squamous
328
Kidney functions
Maintain fluid balance, volume + pressure of blood | Urine production
329
Cortex of kidney
Outer + pale
330
Medulla of kidney
Innter + dark
331
Hormone produced by the kidneys
Erythropoeitin (EPO)
332
Function of EPO
Increase red blood cell production
333
Arteries surrounding the glomerulus
Peritubular
334
Lupus
Autoimmune disease -> renal failure
335
Glomerulosclerosis
Scarring of glomerulus -> ineffective filtrate production
336
Descending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to...
Water
337
Ascending limb of loop of Henle is permeable to...
Sodium + other salts
338
Urolithiasis
Kidney stones
339
Layers of meninges of the brain
Dura Arachnoid Pia
340
Layers of the dura
``` Endosteal = outer Meningeal = inner ```
341
Arachnoid layer =
Granulations + subarachnoid space
342
Innermost lyaer of brain meninges
Pia
343
Location of dural sinuses
Between endosteal + meningeal layer of dura | Midline of skull
344
CSF moves through the _______ to enter the blood stream
Subarachoid granulations
345
Connection of lateral ventricles to third ventricle
Interventricular foramen
346
Connection of third ventricle to fourth
Aqueduct of the brain
347
Function of choroid plexus
Produce CSF
348
Cells lining choroid plexus
Ependymal cells
349
Function of CSF
Enables brain to 'float' | Collects waste products from brain + delivers to circulatory system
350
Function of dural sinuses
Drain CSF from the brain and empty into the circulatory system
351
EMG function
Measure of electrical activity in muscles

Anatomy (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions