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Last lab Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

Three layers of the mucosa

A

Mucosal epithelium
Lamina propria
Muscularis mucosae

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2
Q

Where is the submucosa?

A

Beneath the mucosa

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3
Q

Order the layers of the digestive tract

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis externa
Serosa

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4
Q

Mucosal epithelium

A

Stratified or simple epithelium

Type is different in different regions

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5
Q

Lamina propria

A

Areolar tissue

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6
Q

Muscularis mucosae

A

Smooth muscle

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7
Q

Submucosa

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

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8
Q

Inner layer of smooth muscle

A

Circular

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9
Q

Outer layer of smooth muscle

A

Longitudinal

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10
Q

Two tissues types of the serosa

A

Mesothelium - simple squamous epithelium

Loose connective tissue

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11
Q

Adventitia

A

Collagen fibres around muscular layer of oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus and rectum

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12
Q

Parietal peritoneum

A

Peritoneal serosa covering inner surface of abdominal cavity walls

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13
Q

Visceral peritoneum

A

Peritoneal serosa covering outer surfaces of the organs lying within a cavity

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14
Q

Serosa

A

Thin layer of connective tissue and simple squamous epithelium

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15
Q

Simple squamous epithelium within serosa

A

Mesothelium

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16
Q

Mesentery is…

A

Fused, double sheets of peritoneal membrane

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17
Q

Functions of the oral cavity

A

Food analysis - sensory info
Lubrication of food
Mechanical processing
Limited digestion of carbohydrates

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18
Q

Functions of the tongue

A

Mechanical processing of food - compression, distortion + abrasion
Manipulation -> assist chewing
Sensory analysis - touch, temp., taste
Secretion of mucins + enzymes for fat digestion

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19
Q

2 types of cells in salivary glands

A

Mucous

Serous

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20
Q

Parts of the teeth

A 
Crown = top
Neck = middle (at top of gum)
Root = bottom
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21
Q

Palatal muscles function

A

Raise soft palate + adjacent portions of the pharyngeal wall

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22
Q

Phases of the swallowing process

A

Buccal
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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23
Q

Voluntary phase of swallowing process

A

Buccal

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24
Q

Compacted mass of chewed food for swallowing

A

Bolus

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25
Function of the esophagus
Deliver food to stomach
26
Opening in diaphragm for passage of the esophagus
Esophageal hiatus
27
Epithelium of esophagus mucosa
Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
28
Glands in the submucosa of the esophagus
Esophageal glands
29
Digestive functions of the stomach
Storage of ingested food Mechanical breakdown of food Chemical digestion of food by acids + enzymes
30
What leaves the stomach?
Chyme
31
What cavity is the stomach in?
Peritoneal
32
Mucosal epithelium of the stomach
Simple columnar
33
Function of stomach mucosal epithelium
Produce mucus
34
Four layers of the stomach
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
35
Mesenteries of the stomach
Greater omentum | Lesser omentum
36
Location of greater omentum
Hands from greater curvature of the stomach
37
Attachments of lesser omentum
Hepatogastric ligament - connects liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach
38
Hepatogastric ligament
Connects liver to the lesser curvature of the stomach | Lesser omentum
39
Rugae
Folds of the stomach
40
Function of rugae
Allow expansion of stomach lumen
41
Three sections of the small intestine
Duodenum Jejenum Ileum
42
Functions of the small intestine
90% of nutrient absorption Enzymatic digestion Buffering pH of chyme in duodenum
43
Three features increasing the surface area of the small intestine
Plicae Villi Microvilli
44
Four layers of intestinal wall
Mucosa Submucosa Muscularis externa Serosa
45
Villi contain...
Lacteals = lymph vessels | Capillary plexuses
46
Lacteals
Lymphatic vessels (green on diagrams)
47
Function of lacteals
Transport large lipid-protein complexes to venous circulation via the lymphatic system + thoracic duct
48
Function of capillary plexus in intestinal wall
Absorb + carry nutrient to hepatic portal circulation
49
Function of intestinal crypts
Produce new epithelial cells
50
Duodenal papilla
Raised section of duodenum, receives gallbladder duct and pancreatic secretions
51
Function of the jejenum
Chemical digestion + nutrient absorption
52
Function of the ileum
Vitamin B12 absorption
53
What controls the movement through the small intestine?
Peristaltic contractions
54
Large intestine functions
Reabsorption of water + electrolytes Absorption of vitamins via bacterial action Storage of fecal matter before excretion
55
Movement s of fecal material through the large intestine =
Mass movement
56
Mass movement stimulus
Distention of duodenum + stomach
57
Three sections of the large intestine
Cecum Colon Rectum
58
Mucosal epithelium of the large intestine
Simple columnar
59
Muscle layer in the large intestine
Taeniae coli
60
Intestinal glands produce....
Mucus
61
Ileocecal valve
Separates ileum + cecum
62
Vermiform appendix is part of the...
Lymphatic system
63
Teniae coli
Muscle stretching the entire length of the large intestine
64
Function of the rectum
Temporary storage of fecal matter
65
Functions of the liver
Metabolic regulation - regulates circulating levels of carbohydrates + amino acids Hematological regulation - phagocytes remove old red blood cells Synthesis + secretion of bile
66
Function of the common hepatic duct
Transport bile to intestine + gall bladder
67
Function of bile
Dilute + bugger acidic chyme | Bind to fatty acids in chyme to enable enzyme digestion
68
Function of gall bladder
Stores + concentrates bile
69
Function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter
Controls whether bile is stored in the gallbladder or goes directly to the duodenum
70
Location of the hepatopancreatic sphincter
Surrounds lumen of the common bile duct + duodenum ampulla | Contraction -> sealed duodenum ampulla -> bile goes to gallbaldder
71
Exocrine function of pancreas
Production of digestive enzymes
72
Endocrine function of pancreas
Production of insulin + glucagon
73
Epithelium lining the pharynx
Stratified squaomous
74
Epithelium lining the small intestine
Simple columnar
75
Accessory digestive organs
Salivary glands Liver Gallbladder Pancreas
76
Organs of the urinary system (4)
Kidneys Ureter Urethra Urinary bladder
77
Function of the ureter
Deliver urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
78
Location of adrenal glands
Above kidneys
79
Function of urethra
Deliver urine from urinary bladder to external
80
Location of prostate gland
Posterior to urinary bladder
81
Function of renal corpuscle
Produce filtrate
82
Function of proximal convoluted tubule
Reabsorption of water, ions + nutrients
83
Function of ascending loop of Henle
NaCl reabsorption
84
Function of descending loop of Henle
Water reabsorption
85
Function of distal convoluted tubule
Secretes unwanted ions, acids + toxins | Limited reabsorption of water + ions
86
Three parts of the collecting system
Collecting ducts Connecting tubules Papillary ducts
87
Function of collecting system
Drains cortical + juxtamedullary nephrons | Final adjustments to osmotic concentration + volume
88
Collecting ducts empty into the...
Papillary ducts
89
Papillary ducts empty into the...
Minor calyces
90
Two structures in the renal corpuscle
Bowman's capsule | Gomerulus
91
Renal artery leads to...
Segmental arteries
92
Segmental arteries lead to...
Interlobar arteries
93
Interlobar arteries lead to...
Arcuate arteries
94
Arcuate arteries lead to...
Interlobular arteries
95
Interlobular arteries lead to...
Afferent arterioles
96
Efferent arterioles lead to...
Peritubular capillaries
97
Peritubular capillaries lead to...
Interlobular veins
98
Interlobular veins lead to...
Arcuate veins
99
Arcuate veins lead to...
Interlobar veins
100
Interlobar veins lead to...
Renal veins
101
Seven functions of the urinary system
Regulate plasma concentrations of Na, K, Cl, Ca Regulate blood volume + pressure Stabilise blood pH Conserve nutrients Eliminate organic waste products Synthesise calcitriol -> Ca2+ absorption in intestine increase Deaminate amino acids during starvation -> allow other tissues to break them down
102
Organic wastes in skeletal muscle
Urea Uric acid Creatinine
103
Seminiferous tubules produce...
Spermatozoa
104
Three functions of the epididymis
Monitors + adjusts fluid produced by seminiferous tubules Recycles damaged spermatozoa Stores spermatozoa + facilitates maturation
105
Organs contributing to semen production
Prostate gland Seminal glands/vesicles Bulbourethral glands
106
Ovaries produce...
Oocytes
107
Fertilisation occurs in the...
Uterine tubes
108
Endometrium
Inner layer of uterine wall
109
Myometrium
Muscular layer of uterine wall
110
Function of the broad ligament
``` Support reproductive organs: Ovaries Uterine tubes Uterus Vagina ```

Anatomy (11 decks)

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