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Anatomy Final Flashcards

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1
Q

Platysma

A

Origin: Inferior border of the mandible; skin of lower
face.

Insertion: Deltopectoral fascia

Nerve: Facial Nerve (CN VII)

Action: Draws skin of neck superiorly and corners of
mouth inferiorly.

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2
Q

Sternocleidomastoid

A

Origin: Manubrium; medial third of the clavicle

Insertion: Mastoid process

Nerve: Spinal Accessory Nerve (CN XI)

Action: Unilateral - lateral flexion, contralateral rotation
Bilateral - Inferior flexion, superior extension

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3
Q

Anterior Triangle of the Neck

Anterior cervical region

A

Anterior border of Sternocleidomastoid

Inferior border of the Mandible

Anterior midline of the neck

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4
Q

Posterior Triangle of the Neck

Lateral cervical region

A

Posterior border of Sternocleidomastoid

Anterior border of Trapezius

Middle third of Clavicle

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5
Q

Scalene Muscles

A

3 Scalene muscles: Anterior, Middle, Posterior

Origin: Cervical transverse processes

Insertion: 1st Rib (Anterior & Middle)
                 2nd Rib (Posterior)
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6
Q

Suprahyoid Muscles

A

Stylohyoid
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Geniohyoid

Action: Elevate the hyoid

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7
Q

Digastric Muscle

A

Origin: Posterior belly - Mastoid notch
Anterior belly - Digastric fossa

Insertion: Intermediate tendon

Nerve: Posterior belly - Facial nerve (CN VII)
Anterior belly - Mandibular nerve (CN V3)

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8
Q

Infrahyoid “strap” Muscles

A

Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid

Name = Origin + Insertion

Nerve: C1 - C4 anterior rami

Action: Depress/stabilize the hyoid

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9
Q

Transverse Cervical Nerve

A

C2 - C3

Sensory to skin of anterior triangle

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10
Q

Ansa Cervicalis

A

C1 - C3

Superficial to Carotid Sheath

Motor to Infrahyoid Muscles

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11
Q

Cervical Sympathetic Chain

A

Superior Cervical Ganglion: C1 - C4

Middle Cervical Ganglion: C5 - C6

Inferior Cervical Ganglion: C7 - C8
- Stellate Ganglion: C7 - T1

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12
Q

Extradural (epidural) Hematoma

A

Arterial blood pools between the skull and the periosteal layer of dura

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13
Q

Dural Border Hematoma

A

Blood (usually venous) forces open a space within sublayers of the dura

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14
Q

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage

A

Blood (usually arterial) escapes into the subarachnoid space.

Most commonly a ruptured aneurysm

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15
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

Forebrain
CN I - Olfactory nerve
CN II - Optic nerve

Midbrain
CN III - Oculomotor nerve
CN IV - Trochlear nerve

Hindbrain - Pons
     CN V - Trigeminal nerve
     CN VI - Abducent nerve
     CN VII - Facial nerve
     CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear nerve
Hindbrain - Medulla
     CN IX - Glossopharyngeal nerve
     CN X - Vagus nerve
     CN XI - Spinal Accessory nerve
     CN XII - Hypoglossal nerve
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16
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Ethmoid

A

Cribriform Plate - CN I

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17
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Sphenoid

A

Optic Canal - CN II

Superior Orbital Fissure - CNIII, CN IV, CN V1, CN VI

Foramen Rotundum - CN V2

Foramen Ovale - CN V3

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18
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Temporal

A

Internal Acoustic Meatus - CN VII, CN VIII

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19
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Temporal/Occipital

A

Jugular Foramen - CN IX, CN X, CN XI

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20
Q

Cranial Nerve Exits - Occipital

A

Hypoglossal Canal - CN XII

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21
Q

Stern’s Laws

A
  1. All muscles with ‘tensor’ in the name are innervated by
    CN V3
  2. All muscles with ‘palat-‘ in the name are innervated by
    CN X
  3. All muscles with ‘gloss-‘ in the name are innervated by
    CN XII
    *Hierarchical rules
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22
Q

Trigeminal Nerve (CN V)

A

Ophthalmic Nerve (CN V1) - Orbit, central forehead, dorsum of nose

Maxillary Nerve (CN V2) - Lateral forehead, lateral nose, most of nasal cavity, palate, upper teeth

Mandibular Nerve (CN V3) - Jaw, lower teeth, ear, temporal region

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23
Q

Ciliary Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Innervation of the eye

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24
Q

Pterygopalatine Ganglion

A

Parasympathetic ganglion

Innervation of nasal and oral mucosa and lacrimal gland

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25
Otic Ganglion
Parasympathetic ganglion Innervation of parotid gland
26
Submandibular Ganglion
Parasympathetic ganglion Innervation of the submandibular and sublingual glands
27
3 - 9 - 7 - 7 | C - O - P - S
Oculomotor (CN III) - synapses in the Ciliary ganglion Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) - synapses in the Otic ganglion Facial (CN X) - synapses in the Pterygopalatine ganglion synapses in the Submandibular ganglion
28
Lacrimal Gland Parasympathetic and Sympathetic Innervation
Postganglionic parasympathetic innervation: - From pterygopalatine ganglion - NEW pathway - Direct branches from ganglion to gland - FORMER pathway - Zygomatic branch of maxillary nerve (CN V2) - Communicating branch to lacrimal branch of ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) - Lacrimal nerve to gland Sympathetic innervation: Follows parasympathetic innervation
29
Branches of the Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1)
Travels through superior orbital fissure Frontal nerve: - Supraorbital nerve - Supratrochlear nerve * To scalp and superior eyelid Lacrimal nerve: * Skin of the lacrimal region and superior eyelid Nasociliary nerve: - Short ciliary nerves - Long ciliary nerves - Ethmoidal nerves - Infratrochlear nerve * To eyeball, superior nasal cavity, bridge of nose, and dorsum of nose
30
Orbit sensory innervation
Ophthalmic nerve (CN V1) and it's branches
31
Sympathetic innervation of the Eye
Preganglionic Axons - Sympathetic chain Synapse - Superior cervical ganglion (C1 - C4) Postganglionic Axons - Follow arteries (internal carotid plexus) and join Ciliary nerves entering the eyeball to dilator pupillae
32
Parasympathetic innervation of the Eye
Preganglionic Axons - Inferior division of Occulomotor nerve (CN III) Synapse - Ciliary ganglion Postganglionic Axons - Hitchhike on short ciliary branches of ophthalmic (CN V1) to ciliary muscle and sphincter pupillae
33
Pupillary Light Reflex
Increase light in one eye will result in pupillary contraction of both eyes Sensory: CN II Motor: CN III
34
Accommodation Reflex
Focus on close objects (change in lens shape) causes pupillary contraction Sensory: CN II Motor: CN III
35
Corneal Blink Reflex
Contact with the cornea causes blinking Sensory: CN V1 Motor: CN VII
36
Levator palpebrae superioris
Origin: Common tendinous ring Insertion: Superior tarsal plate Nerve: Superior division of Oculomotor (CN III) Action: Elevate upper eyelid
37
Superior Rectus
Nerve: Superior division of Oculomotor (CN III) Action: Strong elevation Slight adduction Intorsion
38
Lateral Rectus
Nerve: Abducent (CN VI) Action: No elevation or depression Strong abduction No extorsion or intorsion
39
Inferior Rectus
Nerve: Inferior division of Oculomotor (CN III) Action: Strong depression Slight adduction Extorsion
40
Medial Rectus
Nerve: Inferior division of Oculomotor (CN III) Action: No elevation or depression Strong adduction No extorsion or intorsion
41
Superior Oblique
Nerve: Trochlear (CN IV) Action: Strong depression Slight abduction Intorsion
42
Inferior Oblique
Nerve: Inferior division of Oculomotor (CN III) Action: Strong elevation Slight abduction Extorsion
43
Temporalis
Origin: Floor of temporal fossa; deep surface of temporal fascia Insertion: Coronoid process Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3) Action: Elevate mandible Retract mandible
44
Temporomandibular Joint (TMJ)
Temporomandibular ligament: - Thickened part of articular capsule - Temporal bone to neck of mandible - Restricts posterior and lateral movement Sphenomandibular ligament: - Provides passive support Articular Disc: - Divides capsule Superior Cavity: - Protrusion/retrusion (gliding/translation) Inferior Cavity: - Hinge movement (depression, elevation)
45
Masseter
Origin: Inferior border of zygomatic arch Insertion: Lateral surface of ramus and angle of the mandible Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3) Action: Elevate and protrude mandible
46
Lateral Pterygoid (Superior & Inferior)
Origin: S - Infratemporal surface of the greater wing of sphenoid I - Lateral surface of lateral pterygoid plate Insertion: S - Articular disc and capsule of TMJ I - Pterygoid fovea and capsule of TMJ Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3) Action: Protrude mandible and depress chin
47
Medial Pterygoid (Superficial & Deep)
Origin: S - Maxillary tuberosity D - Medial surface of lateral pterygoid plate Insertion: Medial surface of ramus of mandible Nerve: Mandibular nerve (CN V3) Action: Elevate and protrude mandible
48
Auriculotemporal nerve
Encircles middle meningeal artery Sensory Carries parasympathetic postganglionics to parotid gland
49
Otic Ganglion
Parasympathetic ganglion Preganglionic: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) via the tympanic plexus and lesser petrosal nerve Postganglionic: Parotid gland via auriculotemporal nerve
50
Inferior alveolar nerve
Enters mandibular foramen Passes through mandibular canal Sensory
51
Mental nerve
Branch of inferior alveolar nerve; exits mental foramen Sensory
52
Nerve to Mylohyoid
Branch of the inferior alveolar nerve Motor to: Mylohyoid & anterior belly of digastric
53
Lingual nerve
Anterior to inferior alveolar nerve Sensory Joined by chorda tympani nerve (from CN VII)
54
Chorda tympani
Branch of the Facial nerve (CN VII) Joins the lingual nerve Preganglionic parasympathetics destined for the submandibular ganglion Taste for anterior 2/3 of tongue
55
Occipitofrontalis
Frontalis: Elevates the eyebrows and produces transverse wrinkles on the forehead Occipitalis: Aids frontalis (by retracting scalp and aponeurosis) Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
56
Orbicularis Oculi
Palpebral portion: Gently closes eye Orbital portion: Tightly closes eye Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
57
Zygomaticus major
Draws the angle of the mouth superolaterally; smiles Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
58
Buccinator
Increases rigidity of the cheek Helps keep food between molars Resists distention Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
59
Orbicularis Oris
``` Resting activity (tonus) keeps mouth softly closed Constricts and protrudes lips ``` Nerve: Facial nerve (CN VII)
60
Satchmo's Syndrome
Tearing of the orbicularis oris muscle common to brass players
61
Bell's Paulsy
Facial nerve damage and paralysis of the muscles supplied by its motor branches. Eversion of the lower eyelid (corneal problems) Drooping of the angle of the mouth - Inability to maintain saliva or food within the oral cavity
62
Structures within the Parotid Gland
Parotid plexus of the facial nerve (CN VII) *Motor branches Retromandibular vein External carotid artery
63
Parasympathetic innervation to Parotid Gland
Preganglionic: Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX) - Tympanic plexus - Lesser petrosal Synapse in Otic Ganglion Postganglionics hitchhike on auriculotemporal nerve (CN V3) to parotid gland.
64
Scalp Wounds
Extensive blood supply = profuse bleeding Deep wounds (through aponeurosis) gape due to tension in frontalis and occipitalis
65
Palatoglossus
Origin: Soft palate Insertion: Lateral side of posterior tongue Nerve: Vagus nerve (CN X) Action: Elevate the tongue
66
Palatopharyngeus
Origin: Soft palate Insertion: Lateral wall of pharynx Nerve: Vagus nerve (CN X) Action: Elevate the pharynx
67
Intrinsic muscles of the Tongue
Fine control of the tongue Nerve: Hypoglossal (CN XII)
68
Extrinsic muscles of the Tongue
Genioglossus (Hypoglossal CN XII) Hyoglossus (Hypoglossal CN XII) Palatoglossus (Vagus CN X) Styloglossus (Hypoglossal CN XII) Insertion: Posterior-lateral part of the tongue
69
Tongue Sensory
Anterior 2/3: - Lingual (from CN V3): general sensory - Chord tympani (from CN VII hitchhiking on lingual): special sensory (taste) Posterior 1/3: - Glossopharyngeal (CN IX): general sensory and special sensory (taste) - Vagus (CN X): Very small contribution to both general sensory and special sensory taste.
70
Parasympathetic innervation of Submandibular & Sublingual Glands
Preganglionic: - Facial nerve (CN VII) - Chorda tympani - Lingual nerve - Submandibular ganglion (synapse) Postganglionic: - Direct to submandibular gland - Hitchhike on lingual nerve to sublingual gland
71
Sympathetic innervation of Submandibular & Sublingual Glands
Via the external carotid plexus Lingual and facial artery plexuses
72
Pharyngeal Constrictors
Origin: S - pterygomandibular raphe M - greater horn of the hyoid I - thyroid and cricoid cartilage Insertion: Midline pharyngeal raphe Nerve: Vagus (CN X)
73
Killian's Triangle
Weak point of pharynx in inferior constrictor Common site of esophageal diverticulum formation
74
Gag Reflex
Sensory limb: Glossopharyngeal (CN IX) | Motor limb: Vagus (CN X)
75
Nerves of the Pterygopalatine Fossa
Maxillary Nerve (CN V2): Enter via foramen rotundum - Zygomatic: exit via inferior orbital fissure - Infraorbital: exit via inferior orbital fissure - Pterygopalatine nerves: pass through the pterygopalatine ganglion CN V2 branches that pass through pterygopalatine ganglion: - Greater and lesser palatine nerves: exit via the palatine canal - Nasopalatine nerve: Exit via the sphenopalatine foramen - Posterior lateral nasal nerves: Exit via the sphenopalatine foramen Nerve of the pterygoid canal: enters via pterygoid canal - Facial nerve (CN VII) to greater petrosal nerve (preganglionic parasympathetics) - Internal carotid plexus to deep petrosal nerve (postganglionic sympathetics) * Combine to form nerve of the pterygoid canal where it runs into the pterygopalatine ganglion (ONLY parasympathetics synapse)
76
Kiesselbach's Area
Highly vascularized area of anastomosis Site of many profuse nasal bleeding
77
Special Sensory - Smell
Olfactory Filaments (fila olfactoria): through cribriform plate to nasal epithelium at the roof of the nasal cavity. Olfactory bulb Olfactory tract
78
Submandibular Duct route
Emerges from portion of the submandibular gland superior to mylohyoid Crosses lingual nerve superiorly Empties via the sublingual caruncle
79
Sublingual Gland
Deep to the mucosa of the oral cavity Empties via numerous ducts in sublingual fold (plica)
80
Salivary Glands Parasympathetics
Pregnaglionic - Facial Nerve (CN XII) - Chorda tympani - Lingual Submandibular ganglion (synapse) Postganglionic - Direct to SUBMANDIBULAR GLAND - Hitchhike on lingual nerve to SUBLINGUAL GLAND
81
Salivary Glands Sympathetics
Innervation via the external carotid plexus - Lingual artery plexus: sublingual gland - Facial artery plexus: submandibular gland
82
Pharyngeal Elevators
Palatopharyngeus - Vagus nerve (CN X) Stylopharyngeus - Glossopharyneal nerve (CN IX) Salpingopharyngeus - Vagus nerve (CN X)

Anatomy (3 decks)

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