anatomy head muscles, cranial nerves, blood vessels, skull and brain (need more)

Question 1

Answer 1

Epicranius
1 Epicranial aponeurosis (galea aponeurotica)
– forms the largest middle part of the muscle
– an aponeurotic tendinous structure
– is connected to the periosteum of the cranial vault by
tenuous fibrous tissue, thus is freely movable over the skull

2 Occipitofrontalis (musculus occipitofrontalis)
2.1 Frontal belly (venter frontalis)
O: epicranial aponeurosis – ventral margin
I: skin of the eyebrows and glabella
F: elevates the skin of the forehead, forms horizontal wrinkles
of the forehead, contributes to elevation of the upper eyebrow
and creates expressions of attention and astonishment
N: facial nerve – temporal branches
2.2Occipital belly (venter occipitalis)
O: occipital bone – highest nuchal line (lateral 2/3)
I: epicranial aponeurosis – dorsal margin
F: pulls the epicranial aponeurosis dorsally, stabilises
the epicranial aponeurosis and assists the frontal belly
in the elevation of the eyebrow
N: facial nerve – occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve
3 - temporoparitelialis
O: auricle – internal aspect
I: epicranial aponeurosis – at the height of the superior temporal line
F: movements of the auricle – cranially, ventrally and dorsally
N: facial nerve – occipital branch of the posterior auricular nerve

Question 2

Answer 2

• 1 Auricularis anterior (musculus auricularis anterior)
  O: temporal fascia
  I: auricle – spine of helix
  F: cranial and ventral movements of the auricle
  N: facial nerve – temporal branches
• 2 Auricularis superior (musculus auricularis superior)
  O: epicranial aponeurosis
  I: auricle – eminence of triangular fossa
  F: cranial movement of the auricle
  N: facial nerve – temporal branches
• 3 Auricularis posterior (musculus auricularis posterior)
  O: temporal bone – mastoid process
  I: auricle – eminence of concha
  F: dorsal movement of the auricle
  N: facial nerve – posterior auricular branch

Question 3

Answer 3

NASALIS
1 Tranverse part (pars transversa)
O: maxilla – anterior surface
I: dorsal aponeurosis of the nose
F: constricts the nostrils
N: facial nerve – buccal branches
* 2 Alar part (pars alaris)
O: maxilla – anterior surface
I: skin of the nasal wing,
lateral crus of major alar cartilage
F: dilates the nostrils
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 4

Answer 4

levator labii superioris alaeque nasi
O: maxilla – frontal process
I: skin of the nasal wing
(major alar cartilage),
lateral part of the upper lip
F: dilates the nostrils,
elevates the upper lip,
elevates and smooths out
the nasolabial sulcus
produces an expression of discontent
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 5

Answer 5

depressor septi nasi
O: incisive fossa on the anterior surface
of the maxilla
I: nasal septum – mobile part
nasalis – alar part (dorsal aspect)
F: depresses the nasal septum,
dilates the nares,
moves the apex of the nose during
movements of the upper lip
(e.g. during speech)
N: facial nerve – buccal branch
and zygomatic branch

Question 6

Answer 6

Orbicularis oculi
1 Orbital part (pars orbitalis)
– the peripheral part of the muscle
O: frontal bone – nasal part
maxilla – frontal process
medial palpebral ligament (a ligament that connects the
medial angle of the eyelids to the frontal process of the maxilla)
I: lateral palpebral ligament (a ligament that connects the lateral
margin of the eyelids to the zygomatic bone
* 2 Palpebral part (pars palpebralis)
– located in the upper and lower eyelids
O: medial palpebral ligament
I: lateral palpebral raphe
2.1Deep part (pars profunda partis palpebralis)
O: lacrimal bone – posterior lacrimal crest and lacrimal fascia
I: tarsal plates of the upper and lower eyelids
F: dilates the lacrimal sac, which aids the drainage of tears
Function:
firm closure of the eye lids,
creates wrinkles extending outwards from
the lateral angle of the eye (crow’s feet)
Innervation:
facial nerve – temporal and zygomatic branches

Question 7

Answer 7

Procerus

O: fascia of the dorsum of the nose
I: skin of the inferior part of the forehead
F: forms a horizontal wrinkle on the root of the nose,
located over the glabella
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 8

Answer 8

Corrugator supercilii

O: frontal bone – above the frontonasal suture and on the medial
end of the supercilliary arch of the frontal bone
I: skin of the middle part of the eyebrows
F: pulls the eyebrows mediocaudally and forms vertical wrinkles above
the root of the nose, forming facial expressions of frowning and pain
N: facial nerve – temporal branches

Question 9

Answer 9

Depressor supercilii
O: orbicularis oculi – upper part of the orbital part
I: skin of the eyebrows
F: depresses the eyebrows
N: facial nerve – temporal branches

Question 10

Answer 10

Orbicularis oris

• 1 Marginal part (pars marginalis)
  – outer fibers, are located close to the bone
• 2 Labial part (pars labialis)
  – gives shape to the lips
• 3 Modiolus (modiolus anguli oris)
  – a chiasma (crossing of fibres) of the facial
  muscles located at the angle of the mouth
  O: the fibres are arranged in a circle around the lips
  and can be divided into four segments
  corresponding to the four quadrants of the lips
  I: labial part: fuses with the contralateral part,
  in the skin of the lips
  F: closes the lips,
  presses the lips against the teeth,
  with stronger contraction of the marginal part
  it protrudes the lips (puckers the lips)
  N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 11

Answer 11

Levator labii superioris

O: maxilla – under the caudal border of the orbit,
but above the infra-orbital foramen
I: upper lip and skin of the nasolabial sulcus
F: elevates the nasolabial sulcus,
expressing happiness
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 12

Answer 12

Zygomaticus minor
O: zygomatic bone – medial to the zygomaticus major
I: upper lip
F: elevates the lateral third of the nasolabial sulcus,
producing a smile and an expression of compassion
N: facial nerve – zygomatic branches

Question 13

Answer 13

Zygomaticus major

O: zygomatic bone – temporal process
(laterally to the zygomaticus minor)
I: modiolus
F: pulls the angle of the mouth laterocranially,
producing an expression of an ironic smile
N: facial nerve – zygomatic branches

Question 14

Answer 14

Levator anguli oris
O: maxilla – anterior surface
(canine fossa – beneath infraorbital foramen)
I: modiolus
F: elevates the angle of the mouth, producing a smile
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 15

Answer 15

Risorius
O: masseteric fascia
I: modiolus
F: moves the angle of the mouth laterally,
stretches the oral opening, producing a smile
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 16

Answer 16

Depressor anguli oris
O: mandible – inferior border
I: modiolus
F: depresses the angle of the mouth, producing
an expression of sadness
N: facial nerve – marginal mandibular branch

Question 17

Answer 17

Depressor labii inferioris
O: mandible – inferior border (under the depressor anguli oris)
I: skin of the lower lip
F: depresses the lower lip and pulls the lower lip laterally,
producing an expression of contempt
N: facial nerve – marginal mandibular branch

Question 18

Answer 18

Mentalis
O: mandible – alveolar yoke of the second incisor
I: skin of the chin (fibres run mediocaudally)
F: pulls the lower lip upwards and foward, producing
an expression of scorn
N: facial nerve – marginal mandibular branch

Question 19

Answer 19

Buccinator
O: maxilla and mandible – alveolar yokes of the molars,
pterygomandibular raphe (fibres running from the pterygoid
hamulus to the medial surface of the border
between the body and ramus of the mandible)
I: modiolus,
fibres of the orbicularis oris of both the upper and lower lips
F: presses the cheeks against the teeth and gums
(moves food between the molars),
squeezes air out of the oral cavity when the mouth is open,
prevents compression of the cheeks during mastication (chewing)
N: facial nerve – buccal branches

Question 20

Answer 20

temporal muscle
O: temporal fossa,
parietal bone – inferior temporal line
I: mandible – coronoid process and temporal crest
F: elevates the mandible (anterior fibers),
retracts the mandible (posterior fibers),
maintains the static position of
the mandible (closed mouth),
generates static tension in the masticatory muscles
N: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – deep temporal nerves

Question 21

Answer 21

masseter
Innervation of the muscle:
mandibular nerve (n. V3) – masseteric nerve
* 1 Superficial part (pars superficialis)
O: zygomatic process of maxilla,
zygomatic arch (anterior part)
Course of fibres: dorsocaudal
I: mandible – masseteric tuberosity
F: elevates the mandible,
protracts the mandible (only the superficial part)
* 2 Deep part (pars profunda)
O: zygomatic arch (posterior part)
Course of fibers: caudal (ventrocaudal in newborns)
I: mandible – ramus of mandible (deep part)
and coronoid process
F: elevates the mandible

Question 22

Answer 22

medial pterygoid
Origin:
* 1 Superficial part (pars superficialis): maxilla – maxillary tuberosity
* 2 Deep part (pars profunda): sphenoid bone (pterygoid process) – pterygoid fossa
I: mandible – pterygoid tuberosity
F: elevation of the mandible (bilateral contration),
lateropulsion of the mandible (unilateral contraction) – frictional masticatory movements
N: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – nerve to medial pterygoid

Question 23

Answer 23

lateral pterygoid
Origin:
* 1 Upper/superior head (caput superius): sphenoidal bone (greater wing)
– infratemporal surface and crest
* 2 Lower/inferior head (caput inferius): sphenoidal bone (pterygoid process)
– lateral plate
I: mandible (condylar process) – pterygoid fovea,
temporomandibular joint (articular capsule and its disc)
F: protraction of the mandible (bilateral contraction),
lateropulsion of the mandible (unilateral contraction) – frictional masticatory movements,
contributes to the opening of the oral fissure by pulling the condylar process
and articular disc of the temporomandibular joint ventrally
N: mandibular nerve (n. V3) – nerve to lateral pterygoid

Question 24

Cranial nerves order

Answer 24

1 - olfactory
2 - optic
3 - oculomotor
4 - trochlear
5 - trigeminal
6 - abducent
7 - facial
8 - vestibulochoclear
9 - glossopharyngeal
10 - vagus
11 - accessory
12 - hypoglossal

Question 25

olfactory nerve

Answer 25

Origin - telencephalon functional fibers - special visceral afferent - conducts impulses from mucosa pass from nasal cavity through cribiform plate of ethmoid bone into anterior cranial fossa, olfactory bulb axons from second order afferent neurons in the bulb pass through olfactory tract and medial or lateral oflactory stria, terminating in the cerebral cortex of prepiriform area

Question 26

optic nerve

Answer 26

origin - diencephalon functional fibers - special somatic afferent fibers passes through the optic canal into the middle cranial fossa the two optic nerves join below the base of the diencephalon to form optic chiasm before dividing into two optic tracts - lateral and medial root the optic nerve contains the axons of retinal ganglion cells, which terminate mainly in the lateral geniculate body of the diencephalon and mesencephalon other nerves entering the orbit do so using the superior orbital fissure

Question 27

oculomotor nerve

Answer 27

origin - mesencephalon runs anteriorly from mesencephalon functional fibers - general visceral efferent, general somatic efferent passes through cavernous sinus and then supraorbital fissure innervate extraocular muscles somatic efferent innervates - levator palpebrae superioris; superior, medial and inferior rectus; inferior oblique visceral efferent - synapses with neurons in ciliary ganglia; innervates pupilary sphincter and ciliary muscle nerve injury - ptosis, downward and lateral gaze deviation, diplopia, mydriasis

Question 28

trochlear nerve

Answer 28

origin - mesencephalon functional fibers - general somatic efferent innervate extraocular muscles only cranial nerve in which all fibers cross over to the opposite site, and the only one that emerges from the dorsal side of the brainstem innervates superior oblique nerve damage - diplopia, affected eye is higher and deviated medially

Question 29

trigeminal nerve

Answer 29

origin - pons functional fibers - general visceral efferent and general somatic afferent has 3 somatic afferent nuclei - mesencephalic, principal and sensory courses: opthalmic division - enters through superior orbital fissure maxillary - enters through pterygopalatine fossa mandibular - passes through foramen ovale somatic afferent innervates - facial skin, nasopharyngeal mucosa, tongue (anterior two thirds) somatic visceral efferent innervates - muscles of mastication (temporalis, masseter, madial and lateral pterygoids), oral floor muscles, tensor tympani, tensor veli pelatini injury - sensory loss, herpes zoster ophtamalicus

Question 30

abducent nerve

Answer 30

origin - pons follows the long extradural path functional fibers - general somatic efferent innervates - lateral rectus nerve damage - diplopia, medial strabismas

Question 31

facial nerve

Answer 31

origin - pons functional fibers - special visceral efferent, general visceral efferent, special visceral afferent, general somatic afferent mainly special visceral efferent for muscle innervation, other visceral efferent from superior salivatory nucleus are grouped with fibers from nucleus intermedius emerges in the cerebellopontine angle between the pons and olive - through internal acoustic meatus into temporal bone divides into greater petrosal nerve, stapedial nerve, chorda tympani special visceral afferent innervation - muscles of facial expression, stylohyoid, digastric, stapedius visceral efferent innervate - lacrymal grand, small glands of nasal mucosa, submandibular gland, sublingual gland, small salivary glands special visceral afferent - peripheral processes of fibers from geniculate ganglion from chorda tympani somatic afferent - peripheral fibers from auricle, skin of auditory canal, outer surface of chorda tympani

Question 32

vestibulochoclear nerve

Answer 32

origin - medulla oblongata functional fibers - special somatic afferent two roots - vestibular - transmits impulses from vestibular apparatus, cochlear from auditory apparatus pass from the inner ear through internal acoustic meatus to cerebellopontine angle vestibular - peripheral processes from the semicircular canals, saccule, utricle pass to the vestibular ganglion; nuclei - superior, lateral, medial and inferior cochlear - peripheral processes beginning at the hair cells of the organ of Corti pass to spiral ganglion and then to nuclei; nuclei - anterior and posterior cochlear nuclei

Question 33

glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 33

origin - medulla oblongata functional fibers - GVE, SVE, GSA, SSA, SVA, GVA fibers from CN X combine with fibers from CN IX to form pharyngeal plexus and supply carotid sinus branches - tympanic, branch to carotid sinus, branch to stylopharyngeus muscle, tonsillar branches, lingual branches, pharyngeal branches GVE - inferior salivatory nucleus - parasympathetic presynaptic fibers to otic ganglion, postsynaptic to parotid gland, buccal gland, labial gland SVE - nucleus ambiguus, innervate - constrictor muscles of the pharynx (joined with vagus nerve), stylopharyngeus GVA - nucleus of solitary tract inferior, sensory information from chemoreceptors in carotid body, pressure receptors in carotid sinus SVA - nucleus of solitary tract superior - receive sensory info from posterior third of the tongue via inferior ganglion SSA - spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve - peripheral processes of intracranial superior ganglion or extracranial inferior ganglion from - tongue, soft palate, pharyngeal mucosa and tonsils, mucosa of tympanic cavity, internal surface of tympanic membrane, pharyngotympanic tube, skin of external ear and auditory canal

Question 34

vagus nerve

Answer 34

origin - medulla oblongata functional fibers - GVE, GSA, SVE, SSA, GVA, SVA from medulla oblongata, leaves cranial cavity through jugular foramen - cranial, cervical, lumbar and abdominal branch SVE - nucleus ambiguus - pharyngeal muscles, muscles of soft palate, laryngeal muscles, GVE - dorsal vagal nucleus - synapse in prevertebral or intramural ganglia, innervate smooth muscle and glands of thoracic viscera and abodminal viscera GSA - spinal nucleus of trigeminal nerve - jugular ganglion receives periphreal fibers - dura in posterior cranial fossa, skin of ear, external auditory canal SVA - nucleus of solitary tract superior - inferior nodose ganglion receives peripheral processes from taste buds in epiglottis GVA - nucleus of solitary tract inferior - peripheral processes from - mucosa of lower pharynx at its esophageal junction, laryngeal mucosa above and below vocal fold, pressure receptors in aortic arch, chemoreceptors in para-aortic body, thoracic and abdominal viscera branches in neck - pharyngeal, superior laryngeal, right recurrent laryngeal, left recurrent laryngeal, cervial cardiac branches

Question 35

accessory nerve and hypoglossal nerve

Answer 35

origin - medulla oblongata functional fibers - GVE and SVE for accessory nerve spinal root emerges from spinal cord C1-C5/6, passes superiorly and enters through foramen magnum, where it joins cranial root from oblongata, both roots leave through jugular foramen SVE - necleus ambiguus caudal - join CN X and are distributed with recurrent laryngeal nerve - all laryngeal muscles GSE - spinal nucleus of accessory nerve - form external branch of accessory nerve - trapezius and sternocleidomastoid nerve injury - drooping of shoulder on affected side. difficulty turning neck as sternocleidomastoid is exclusively supplied by accessory nerve hypoglossal GSE - emerge from medulla oblongata, leave through hypoglossal canal and descend laterally to vagus nerve - enters root of tongue above hyoid bone - nucleus of the hypoglossal nerve - intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue nerve injury - paralysis : periperal if tongue deviates toward affected site, central hypoglossal is away from affected site

Question 36

Motor innervation of face

Answer 36

five branches of facial nerve innervate facial expression muscles, CN V3 to muscles of mastication

Question 37

Sensory innervation of face

Answer 37

Question 38

internal carotid artery

Answer 38

most important cerebral branch is the ophtalmic artery - upper nasal septum and orbit. It supplies brain often affected by artherocsclerosis - use ultrasound

Question 39

parts of internal carotid artery

Answer 39

Question 40

external carotid artery branches

Answer 40

anterior - superior thyroid, lingual, facial medial - ascending pharyngeal posterior - occipital, posterior auricular terminal - maxillary and superficial temporal

Question 41

external carotid artery anterior and medial branches

Answer 41

anteior branches supply anterior structures such as orbit, larynx, pharynx and oral cavity angular artery anastomoses with dorsal nasal artery of internal carotid via ophthalmic

Question 42

external carotid artery posterior branches

Answer 42

supply ear and posterior skull, posterior neck muscles

Question 43

anterior, medial and posterior branches of external carotid artery

Answer 43

anterior branch - superior thyroid - glandular branch to thyroid gland, superior laryngeal, sternocleidomastoid branch - lingual - dorsal lingual branches to base of tongue and epiglottis, sublingual to sublingual gland, tongue, oral floor, oral cavity - facial - ascending palatine to pharyngeal wall, soft palate, pharyngotympanic; tonsillar branch to palatine tonsils; submental - oral floor, submandibular gland; labial; angular to nasal root medial branch - ascending pharyngeal - interior tympanic to mucosa of inner ear and posterior meningeal posterior branches - occipital - occipital branches; descending branch to posterior neck muscles - posterior auricular - stylomastoid to facial nerve in facial canal; posterior tympanic; auricular branch; occipital branch; parotid branch

Question 44

Terminal branches of external carotid artery - superficial temporal artery

Answer 44

inflammation of it due to temporal artteritis can cause severe headaches, frontal branch can be seen superficially in elderly patients superficial temporal

Question 45

Terminal branches of external carotid artery - maxillary artery

Answer 45

three parts - madibular, pterygoid and pterygopalatine rupture of middle meningeal artery results in epidural hematoma

Question 46

Terminal branches of external carotid artery

Answer 46

superficial temporal artery - transverse facial to soft tissues below the zygomatic arch; frontal branches; parietal branches; zygomaticoorbital to lateral orbital wall maxillary artery: - mandibular part - inferior alveolar to mandible, teeth and gingiva; middle meningeal; deep auricular to temporomandibular joint, external auditory canal; anterior tympanic - pterygoid part - messeteric; deep temporal branches, trygoid branches; buccal artery - pterygopalatine part - posterosuperior alveolar to maxillary molars, maxillary sinus, gingiva; infraorbital to maxillary alveoli; ________ descending palatine artery into greater (to hard palate) and lesser palatine artery (to soft palate, palatine tonsil, pharyngeal wall)________ sphenopalatine artery into lateral posterior nasal artery (to lateral wall of nasal cavity, conchae) and posterior septal branches (nasal septum)

Question 47

veins of head and neck

Answer 47

veins of the head and neck drain into the brachiocephalic vein (left and right brachiocephalic are not symmetrical) internal jugular - interior of skull and brain - within carotid sheath external jugular - superficial head - within superficial cervical fascia anterior jugular - neck, portions of head - within superficial cervical fascia

Question 48

deep veins of head

Answer 48

the pterygoid plexus is a venous network situated between the madibular ramus and the muscles of mastication. The cavernous sinus connects the branches of facial vein to sugmoid sinuses

Question 49

veins of occiput

Answer 49

superficial veins of the occiput communicate with the dural venous sinuses via emissary veins that drain to diploic veins

Question 50

Venous anastomoses

Answer 50

angular vein with superior and inferior ophthalmic in the cavernous sinus Vv of palatine tonsil with ptrygoid plexus and inferior ophthalmic vein in the cavernous sinus superficial temporal with parietal emissary in superior sagittal sinus occipital with occipital emissary in the transverse sinus posterior auricular with mastoid emissary in the sigmoid sinus external vertebral venous plexus with condylar emissary in the sigmoid sinus

Question 51

Meninges

Answer 51

brain and spinal cord covered by membranes called meninges three layers - dura mater, arachnoid, pia matter subarachnoid space between arachnoid and pia matter contains cerebrospinal fluid arachnoid granulations, sites for loss of cerebrospinal fluid into venous blood dural septa - two layers of meningeal dura come together after separating from periosteal dura during formation of dural sinus to form a dural septa, including: falx cerebri (between left and right cerebral hemispheres), tentorium cerebelli (supporting cerebrum to keep it from crushing the cerebellum), falx cerebelli separates right and left cerebellar lobes; diaphragma sellae (roof over hypophyseal fossa and invaginated by hypophysis)

Question 51

arteries of dura mater

Answer 51

Question 52

innervation of dura mater

Answer 52

Question 53

dural sinuses

Answer 53

dura mater is composed of two layers that separate in the region of a venous sinus into an outer periosteal layer, which lines the calvarium and an inner meningeal layer, which forms the unattached boundaries of the sinus. in the region of a sinus two meningeal dural layers come together after forming the sinus to creat a septa or dural fold upper group of dural sinuses - supperior sagittal sinus, inferior sagittal sinus, straight sinus, confluence of the sinuses, transverese sinus, sigmoid sinus lower group of dural sinuses - cavernous sinus, anterior intercavrnoud sinus, posterior intercavernous sinus, sphernoparietal sinus, superior petrosal sinus, inferior petrosal sinus the right an left cavrnous sinuses connect via the intercavernous sinuses that pass around the hypophysis, which sits in the hypophyseal fossa after invaginating the diaphragma sellae. Coronal section cuts through internal carotid artery twice due to 18- degree syphon

Question 54

central and peripheral nervous systems

Answer 54

CNS consists of the brain and spinal cord, which constitute a functional unit PNS consists of the nerves emerging from the brain and spinal cord

Question 55

Neurons

Answer 55

the nervous system is composed of neurons and supporting neuroglial cells, which vastly outnumber them each neuron contains a body with one axon and one or more dentrites (receptor segments). The release of neurotransmitters at synapses creates an excitatory or inhibitory postsynaptic potential at the target neuron. If the depolarization threshold of the neuron is exceeded it fires. Certain gligal cells with lipid-rich membranes may myelinate axons. Myelination electrically insulates axons, thereby increasing impulse conduction speed. In the CNS one oligodendrocyte myelinates one intermode on multiple axons, in the PNS one Schwann cell

Question 56

Gray and white matter in the CNS

Answer 56

nerve cell bodies appear gray in cross inspection, whereas nerve cell processes and their insulating myelin sheats appear white

Question 57

Development of brain

Answer 57

neural tube to 3 primary vesicles - prosencephalon, mesencephalon and rhombencephalon prosencephalon (forebrain) - telecephalon (cerebrum) into cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia; diencephalon into epithalamus (pineal), dorsal thalamus, subthalamus and hypothalamus mesencephalon (midbrain) - tectum, tegmentum and cerebral pednuncles rhombencephalon (hindbrain) - metencephalon - cerebellum into cerebral cortex, nuclei and peduncles and pons into nuclei and fiber tracts; myelencephalon - medulla oblongata into nuclei and fiber tracts mesencephalon, pons and medulla oblongata known as brainstem

Question 58

adult brain

Answer 58

Question 59

telencephalon

Answer 59

divided into cerebral cortex, white matter and basal ganglia. The cerebral cortex is further divided into allocortex and isocortex

Question 60

Basal ganglia

Answer 60

essential component of motor system

Question 61

allocortex

Answer 61

three-layered allocortex consists of olfactory cortex (blue), and hippocampus (pink)

Question 62

isocortex

Answer 62

morphological considerations didive the isocortex into six horisontal layers, functional into cortical columns it can also be divided into association areas - lobes

Question 63

telencephalon - hippocampal formation

Answer 63

hippocampal formation - hippocampus, fornix and amygdala are the major components of limbic system

Question 64

diencephalon

Answer 64

the major components of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, and hypophysis

Question 65

structures of diencephalon

Answer 65

preoptic recess, optic chiasm, 3rd ventricle, optic tract, infundibulum, thalamus: reticular nucleus of thalamus, external medullary lamina, bentrolateral thalamic nuclei, internal medullary lamina, medial thalamic nuclei, anterior thalamic nuclei, paraventricular nuclei; subthalamic nucleus, substantia nigra, mammillothalamic fasciculus, mammillary body

Question 66

structures of telencephalon

Answer 66

corpus callosum, septum pellucidum, lateral ventricle, fornix, caudate nucleus, internal capsule, putamen, globus pallidus, cavum septi pellucidi, anterior commisure, lateral olfactory stria, chroroid plexus, basal ganglia, amygdala, hippocampus

Question 67

cerebellum

Answer 67

axons enter or leave the cerebellum through cerebellar penduncles, afferent axons originate in the spinal cord, vstibular organs, inferior olive and pons, efferent in cerebellar nuclei

Question 68

brainstem

Answer 68

the site of emergence and enrty of 10 pairs of true CN III-XII

Question 69

circulation of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 69

the brain and spinal cord are suspended in the choroid plexus, CSF occupies the subarachnoid space and ventricles of the brain and drains through the arachnoid granulations into the dural venous system of the cranial cavity. Smaller amounts drain along proximal portions of the spial nerves into venous plexuses or lymphatic pathways

Question 70

ventricular system

Answer 70

the ventricular system is a continuation of the central spinal canal into the brain. Cast specimens are used to demonstrate the connections beween the four ventricular cavities

Question 71

veins in the brain - superficial lateral view

Answer 71

Question 72

veins in the brain - superficial medial view

Answer 72

Question 73

veins in the brain - basal system

Answer 73

Question 74

veins in the brainstem

Answer 74

Question 75

arteries in the brainstem and cerebellum

Answer 75

Question 76

arteries of the brain - basal

Answer 76

Question 77

arteries of the brain

Answer 77