Anatomy IV Exam Flashcards
(201 cards)
1
Q
Which cranial nerve is part of CNS?
A
CN II
2
Q
What are the components of the somatic nervous system?
A
Sensory (Afferent), Motor (Efferent)
VOLUNTARY + reflexes
3
Q
Parietal lobe
A
receives sensory, initiates motor
4
Q
Temporal lobe
A
hearing, speech, memory
5
Q
Broca’s area
A
motor function of speech, temporal/frontal
6
Q
Wernicke’s area
A
comprehend/interpret words, temporal
7
Q
How many pairs of spinal nerves?
A
31 pairs: 8 cervical 12 thoracic 5 lumbar 5 sacral 1 coccygeal
8
Q
Where does the first cervical nerve exit?
A
above first vertebra
9
Q
spinal ganglia
A
convergence of spinal nerve roots
10
Q
Layers of CNS (out to in)
A
Dura mater
Arachnoid mater
Pia mater
11
Q
What structure causes impingement of spinal nerves?
A
intervertebral discs (anteriorly to exiting nerves)
12
Q
What composes the intervertebral disc and what’s its function?
A
annulus fibrosus exteriorly
nucleus pulposus in the center
connects vertebrae above and below
13
Q
Herniated disc
A
nucleus pulposus push out of annulus fibrosus into nerve –> impingement
14
Q
Sensory/Afferent nerves emerge from which nerve root?***
A
Dorsal nerve root
15
Q
Motor/Efferent nerves emerge from which nerve root?***
A
Ventral nerve root
16
Q
What happens to dorsal and ventral nerve roots coming out of spine?
A
sensory and motor nerve roots combine as one
17
Q
Cerebral cortex function
A
higher-level thought process, large memory storage (coordinate w/other structures)
18
Q
Subcortical area function
A
autonomic activities, emotional patterns
19
Q
Involuntary reflex function
A
by spinal cord
afferent signals dont need to go to brain first –> immediately back out
20
Q
What does the autonomic nervous system involve?
A
Parasympathetic
Sympathetic
Enteric
both PNS, CNS
21
Q
sensory and motor neurons divided into?
A
visceral and somatic
22
Q
What is contained in the dorsal horn?
A
interneurons receiving from somatic/visceral sensory neurons
23
Q
What is contained in the ventral horn?
A
motor neurons
24
Q
What are neurons highly sensitive to?
A
oxygen and glucose deprivation
25
What do motor neurons affect?
skeletal muscles
smooth muscles
endocrine/exocrine glands
26
Soma function
balance positive and negative impulses --> propagate single signal
27
Schwann cells
surround axons in PNS, produce myelin sheath (insulate signal conductor --> faster)
28
Multiple Sclerosis
loss of myelin from Schwann cell damage
29
function of enzymes at synapses
degrade NT
30
Interneuron function and function in reflex arc
integrative function: direct impulses
| reflex: initial processing to produce immediate response bypassing brain
31
Grey matter***
```
neuronal cell bodies*
capillaries*
glial cells
dendrites
"processing centers"
```
32
Different kinds of tracts of white matter
= axons
- projection tracts: extend vertically between higher and lower brain structures
- commissural tracts: connect L/R cerebrum
- association tracts: connect diff regions in SAME hemisphere; link perceptual and memory centers
33
differences in white v grey matter in spinal cord and brain
brain: grey over white
spinal: white over gret
34
4 main classes of neurotransmitters and examples of each
amines: ACh
monoamines: catecholamines(EPI), serotonin
amino acids: GABA, glutamate
neuropeptides: beta endorphin, ACTH, oxytocin
35
Acetylcholine functions
primarily excitatory (skeletal)
but INHIBITORY in cardiac muscles
help regulate attention, arousal, memory
36
What is the primary NT in motor division of somatic nervous system
ACh
37
What NT receptor does nicotine stimulate?
ACh
38
What disease are associated w/ACh dysfunction?
```
Alzheimer's (low ACh)
Myasthenia gravis (ACh receptor destruction)
```
39
NE
excitatory
regulate pulse, BP, mood
physical and mental arousal
40
EPI
excitatory
stress
elevated --> ADHD like
41
DA
usually inhibitory
signaling in voluntary mvmts
associated w/REWARD mechanism
42
Parkinson's Disease pathology
decreased DA
43
What NT do drugs like cocaine, heroine, nicotine, opium and alcohol stimulate?
DA --> reward mechanism
44
Schizophrenia pathology
increased DA
45
Serotonin
inhibitory
inhibit pain pathways
significant in emotion, mood, anxiety
46
Decreased serotonin effects
depression, anger, suicidal, OCD
47
action of SSRIs
increase Serotonin
48
GABA
inhibitory
49
low level of GABA associated with what health problem?
anxiety-related disorders
50
Glutamate
excitatory
| learning and memory
51
most common NT in CNS esp brain?
Glutamate
52
What happens w/excess of glutamate?
neuron toxicity (ALS)
53
What is an associated NT pathology of ALS?
excessive glutamate
54
endorphins
inhibitory
| resembles opioid: reduce pain and stress, induce calmness, pleasure, serenity
55
"endogenous morphine"
endorphins
56
What NT allows animals to hibernate?
Endorphins
57
precentral gyrus
primary motor cortex (voluntary skeletal mvmt)
| signal for R side mvmt originate L (vice versa)
58
central sulcus
between frontal and parietal lobe
| also separates primary motor and primary somatosensory cortex
59
Voluntary motor pathway/Corticospinal tract
travel down axon from grey area of cortex --> cross over at lower MEDULLA -->
60
What spinal tract crosses over at lower medulla?
corticospinal
posterior column
the two are opposite directions
61
What spinal tract crosses over at the spinal cord?
spinothalamic
62
What information does the spinothalamic tract conduct?
pain and temperature
| crude touch
63
What are the two sensory pathways?
spinothalamic tract
| posterior column
64
What information does the posterior column conduct?
position and vibration
| fine touch
65
What are the two motor pathways?
corticobulbar tract
| corticospinal tract
66
Spinothalamic (sensory) tract pathway
crosses over at level of spinal cord where it enters and travels up to cortex
67
What happens in hemitransection of spinal cord?
affect pain/temp on contralateral side of lesion
| affect position and vibration on ipsilateral side
68
Reflex arc pathway
muscle --> afferent sensory fiber --> posterior root ganglion --> posterior root --> posterior horn --> interneuron --> anterior horn --> root --> fiber --> muscle
69
craniosynostosis
suture line shut early, stop bone growth
70
pterion
where 4 suture lines come together, by temporal
| prone to injury
71
What vessel is right under pterion?
middle meningeal artery - anterior branch
72
What is in the brainstem?
midbrain
pons
medulla
73
Telencephalon
cortex
basal ganglia
amygdala
hippocampus
74
Diencephalon
thalamus
| hypothalamus
75
Mesencephalon
Midbrain
76
Metencephalon
pons
| cerebellum
77
Myelencephalon
medulla
78
corpus callosum
tract between hemispheres
79
gyrus
peaks of brain convolutions
80
longitudinal fissue
divides L/R hemisphere
81
sulcus
troughs of brain (central, lateral)
82
pre/post central gyri
pre: motor
post: somatosensory
83
What is frontal lobe divided into?
prefrontal
pre-motor: modifies
motor: voluntary
84
What side of premotor cortex controls R movement?
L
85
proprioception (limb position) is in which lobe?
parietal
86
What's stereognosis and what lobe is it in?
identify 3D object in hand
| parietal
87
parietal lobe functions
sensory: touch, pain, proprioception
| process/integrate environment info
88
L Temporal damage
remember what people said
89
R Temporal damage
recall music/pics
90
Which side of brain is Wernicke's and Broca's in 95% of people
L
91
Global aphasia
complete absence of language/communication
92
What is unaffected in Wernicke's?
visual/auditory
93
ataxia
loss of muscle coordination, cerebellum
94
midbrain
regulates mvmt of eyes and head
origin or CN III, IV
corpora quadrigemina
95
Pons
relays between cerebrum + cerebellum
| pneumotaxic center
96
Medulla
relays between brain + spinal cord
| autonomic: BP, HR, Resp, vomit
97
Thalamus
relays sensory and movement info between cerebrum and spine
98
Limbic system structures
amygdala
hippocampus
mamillary bodies
cingulate gyrus
99
Limbic function
emotional response to situation
100
hippocampus
memory, learning
101
Layers of dura mater
periosteal
| meningeal
102
Where is falx cerebelli and tentorium cerebelli
falx: sagittal
tentorium: horizontal
103
What is in subarachnoid space?
CSF, vasculature
104
Which layers of meninges does meningitis usually affect?
arachnoid, pia
105
Where is CSF formed and what's the pathway?
choroid plexus: lateral-->3rd-->4th-->subarachnoid
106
Where is CSF reabsorbed to?
sagittal sinus (to blood) by arachnoid villi
107
Where is needle inserted in spinal tap?
between 3rd, 4th OR 4th, 5th
108
What part of brain does basilar artery supply?
posterior
109
What artery supplies anterior/middle portion of brain?
internal carotids
110
What types of neurons are in Autonomic Nervous system?
preganglionic: soma in CNS
postganglionic: outside
111
Where are sympathetic ANS preganglionic cell bodies located?
lower thoracic and lumbar on cord
| parasymp: brain stem
112
Integration center of ANS
Hypothalamus (parasymp: ant)
113
limbic system
connect to hypothalamus
| danger/stress signal
114
Reticular formation
sleep and consciousness
115
Where are parasympathetic ANS preganglionic cell bodies located?
brain stem (CN 3, 7 ,9 , 10) or sacral on cord
116
Vagus nerve is a part of which fibers?
parasympathetic fibers
117
Length of axons in parasympathetic and sympathetic
symp: postganglionic longer
para: pre longer
118
What are the Cholinergic receptors and where are they?
nicotinic: postgang of symp and parasymp.
muscarinic: parasymp.
119
What are the Adrenergic receptors and where are they?
alpha 1/2, beta 1/2
| both in symp.
120
What neurons are between the spinal cord and target organ in PNS and SNS?
Preganglionic
| Postganglionic (innervate target organ)
121
PREganglionic fibers of PNS and SNS: NT and where they synapse
ACh for both
SNS: paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia - short
PNS: by effector organ - long
122
where does paravertebral ganglia connect to?
abdominal and pelvic organs
123
where does preavertebral ganglia connect to?
myenteric plexus
124
POSTganglionic fibers of PNS and SNS: what NT?
SNS: EP/NE, ACh - long
PNS: ACh - short
125
What NT binds to muscarinic receptors?
ACh
126
Adrenal medulla
sympathetic ganglia
NO postganglia --> direct release into blood
(80%EPI/20%NE)
127
What receptor does the SNS's ACh bind to and what does it affect?
muscarinic --> sweat glands
128
What receptor does the SNS's NE/EPI bind to and what does it affect?
nicotinic --> smooth muscles and glands
| PNS same except ACh
129
Action of NE binding to Alpha 1 receptor
smooth muscle contraction
| vasoconstriction
130
Action of NE binding to Alpha 2 receptor
inhibits NE release
insulin secretion
promotes blood clotting
131
Action of NE binding to Beta 1 receptor
HEART
increases HR and strength
stimulates renin release from kidneys
132
Action of NE binding to Beta 2 receptor
LUNG
dilates blood vessels and bronchioles,
relax smooth muscle: digestion, urination, uterus
133
What receptor does DA act on in ANS
alpha/beta/Da receptor agonist
134
Da is a precursor of what NT
EPI
135
Da effect in peripheral NS at low and high doses
low: vasodilation - Inc GFR in KIDNEYS
high: vasoconstriction - HEART; NE release
136
Da effect in CNS
pleasure, motivation
137
Serotonin effect in CNS
feeling of well-being
138
Where is 90% Serotonin produced in and what is its function?
enterochromaffin cells of the GI tract
| increase GI motility
139
Acute serotonin syndrome
Hyperthermia
Agitation
Increased reflexes
Tremor, sweating, dilated pupils, diarrhea
140
vasomotor tone
constriction/dilation to vessel to maintain BP
141
ANS reflex - Baroreceptor (aorta and carotid sinus)
carotid sinus (CN9) and aorta (CN10) sense BP rise --> afferent --> efferent --> vasodilation
142
Visceral reflex of BP changes
baroceptors --> heart rate adjustment
143
What target organs are only innervated by sympathetic fibers?
Adrenal medulla, arrector pili muscles, some sweat glands & many blood vessels
144
SLUDGE = Parasympathetic effects on visceral organs***
salivation, lacrimation, urination, defecation, GI functions, emesis
145
mydriasis v miosis
mydriasis: pupil dilation
miosis: constriction
146
what does pilocarpine drug do in glaucoma?
act via muscarinic receptor
| promote outflow of vitreous fluid to reduce intraocular pressure
147
What the enteric nervous system do?
Glandular secretion, blood flow, peristalsis
148
What heart node does SNS, PNS target?
SNS: SA
PNS: AV
149
MoA of ADRENOGENIC ANTAGONIST & SYMPATHOLYTIC
Inhibiting transport into synapses
Reduce Release from nerve terminal
Alpha blockers
Beta blockers
150
Where does sperm mature and store?
head of epididymis
| store in tail
151
cremaster muscle
elevates testes
| skeletal muscle
152
dartos muscle
contracts to pull scrotum upwards based on temp
gives scrotum wrinkled appearance
smooth muscle
153
raphe
ride between two halves of scrotum, perineum, penis
154
spermatic cord
vascular, nerve, lymph supply of testes and vas deferens
155
function of septum
so testes don't wrap around one another
156
optimal temperature for sperm development
3-4C below body
91-93F
Cremaster and dartos muscles
157
tunica vaginalis
parietal and visceral layers of testes
158
tunica albuginea
capsule of testes
159
where is tunica vaginialis derived from?*
peritoneum prior to descent of testes
160
where does spermatogenesis occur?
seminiferous tubules
| begins at puberty
161
blood testis barrier*
sertoli cells connected by tight-junctions
isolate sperm from rest of body
transport developing cells
162
sertoli cells
"mother" cells
163
leydig cells
in interstitial tissue of septum between seminiferous tubules
secrete testosterone, stimulated by LH
promote spermatogenesis
164
ejaculatory duct is composed of:*
vas deferens and duct of seminal vesicle (60%; fructose*)
165
prostate produces what percent of semen?
30% alkaline fluid: neutralize acidic fluid and support sperm
166
What does bulbourethral (Cowper's) glands produce?*
pre-ejaculate: lubricate, flush out, neutralize urethra
167
What branch of nervous system causes tumescence*
parasympathetic
168
Sensory nerve supply of penis
pudendal --> deep perineal --> doral n.
169
What compound is involved in tumescence and what happens?
Nitric oxide: increases arterial flow
| vein pinched off
170
What branch of nervous system causes detumescence
sympathetic
171
Arteries of spinal cord
(2) spinal a.
(1) radicular a.
(branches of vertebral)
172
Venous drainage of spinal cord
spinal and radicular v. (valveless to anastamose) --> int/ext vertebral plexuses --> systemic segmental v. and drual v. sinuses
173
conus medullaris
where spinal cord terminates at 2nd lumbar vertebra
174
filum terminale
fibrous tissue that attaches coccyx to vertebral bodies, anchors
from dura mater
175
layers of dura mater
endosteal
meningeal
dural sinus in between
176
arachnoid mater
avascular
| csf in subarachnoid space (continue to S2)
177
denticulate ligament
lig from pia to dura
178
pia
very vascularized
179
patellar reflex dermatome
L4
180
Achilles dermatome
S1
181
Unbilicus
T10
182
Groin
L1
183
Rectum dermatome
S4, 5
184
Lateral horn
in thoracic spine only
| innervate visceral and pelvic organs (heart, lungs, abs)
185
divisions of dorsal column
```
Gracile Fasciculus (T6 and up)
Fasciculus Cuneatus (below T6)
```
186
causes of dorsal column damage
Syphilis, alcoholism, Vit B deficiencies, DM
| ipsilateral
187
Spinothalamic tract
contralateral damage
188
Spinocerebellar tract
does not deccusate
unconscious proprioception: aware body position
ipsilateral damage
189
corticospinal tract*
conscious control of skeletal muscles on OPPOSITE side
| crosses over at medulla
190
tracts responsible for subconscious control of balance, muscle tone, limb position
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Reticulospinal
Rubrospinal
191
UMN syndrome
spastic
increase deep tendon reflex
pos babinski sign
192
LMN syndrome
flaccid paralysis
absent deep reflex
has superficial reflex
193
Rubrospinal
Sends information to flexor and extensor muscles
194
Tectospinal tract
reflex movements of head in response to visual and auditory stimuli
195
Reticulospinal tract
Sends information to cause eye movements and activate respiratory muscles
196
Vestibulospinal tract
Sends information from inner ear to maintain head position
197
what does autonomic reflexes have that skeletal muscles (somatic reflexes) not have?
pre/postganglionic fiber
198
ALS
UM and LM signs
| atrophy, hyperreflexia, spasticity
199
Polio
attack anterior horn - paralysis
200
Guillain-Barre
attacks myelin sheath
| sensory and lower motor neuron loss
201
Brown-Sequard syndrome
incomplete spinal cord lesion
from blunt trauma
1. ipsilateral loss of proprioception, vibration, position sense and
tactile discrimination
2. contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
below the level of lesion
