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Anatomy > Anatomy Last Minute > Flashcards

Anatomy Last Minute Flashcards

1
Q

Which is true regarding the right vagus and phrenic nerves and their relations in the superior mediastinum?

A Right phrenic nerve passes along the left side of the right brachiocepahlic vein, SVC and the pericardium over the right atrium

B Right phrenic nerve enters the superior mediastinum between the brachiocephalic trunk and the origin of the brachiocepahlic vein

C Right vagus nerve enter the superior mediastinum posterior to the sternoclavicular joint and common carotid artery

D Right vagus nerve passes through the superior mediastinum to the right of the trachea, posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC and root of the right lung

A

D

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2
Q

Which of the following is an example of hyaline cartilage?

A Intervertebral disc
B Knee meniscus
C Epiphyseal growth plates
D Articular surface of clavicle

A

C

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3
Q

Which of the following is an example of a synovial joint?

A Distal tibulofibular joint
B Intervertebral disc
C Sternomanubrial joint
D Sacroiliac joint

A

D

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4
Q

Regarding hyaline cartilage, which of the following is correct?

A It forms epiphyseal growth plates
B It forms the glenoid labrum
C It does not ossify with age
D It is relatively vascular

A

A

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5
Q

Regarding the deep fascia, which of the following is incorrect?

A It is not present in the face
B It is insensate
C It is anchored firmly to the periostium
D It forms the retinaculae

A

B

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6
Q

Which of the following is an example of a secondary cartilaginous joint?

A A lambdoid suture
B A costochondral joint
C An intervertebral disc
D Temporomandibular joint

A

C

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7
Q

With respect to dermatomal nerve supply, which of the following is correct?

Your answer was not correct

A T6 lies at level of the nipple
B The umbilicus is supplied by T12
C C7 supplies the index finger
D The anterior axial line divides C6 and C7

A

C

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8
Q

Cell bodies for the motor supply of the trigeminal nerve lie in which of the following areas?

A In the hypothalamus
B In the cerebral cortex
C Posterior to the cerebral aqueduct
D In the pons

A

D

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9
Q

Regarding myotomes, which of the following statements is correct?

A A myotome is a muscle supplied by single peripheral nerve
B Foot inversion is L4, L5
C Shoulder adduction is C5
D Knee is flexion is L3,4

A

B

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10
Q

The myotome of the great toe extension is

A S1
B L4
C S2
D L5

A

D

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11
Q

Which movement of the upper limb does not involve C6?

A Wrist extension
B Pronation
C Supination
D Shoulder adduction

A

B

Pronation is C7, C8.

Supination = C6

Shoulder adduction and medial rotation C6, C7, C8.

Wrist flexion = C7

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12
Q

In which ganglion do the cell bodies of afferent taste fibres of the anterior two thirds of the tongue occur?

A Trigeminal
B Submandibular
C Genicular
D Otic

A

C

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13
Q

Which of the following dermatomes supplies the little toe?

A L4
B L5
C S1
D S2

A

C

L3= anterior and medial thigh and knee

L4= medial leg, medial ankle and side of foot

L5= lateral leg, dorsum of foot, medial sole, 1-3 toes

S1= lateral ankle, lateral side of dorsum and sole of foot, 4-5 toes (5th toe=little toe)

S2= Posterior leg, posterior thigh, buttocks and penis

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14
Q

Regarding the Brachial plexus, which of the following statements is incorrect?

A Cords enter the axilla above the first part of the axillary artery
B Divisions form behind the clavicle and enter the anterior triangle
C Cords embrace the 2nd part of the axillary artery
D Branches of the cords surround the third part of axillary artery

A

B

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15
Q

Which of the following does not pass through the clavipectoral fascia?

A Medial pectoral nerve
B Thoracoacromial artery
C Lymphatics
D Cephalic vein

A

A

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16
Q

Which muscle is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A Brachioradilais
B Supinator
C Extensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
D Anconeus

A

B

Current textbook

Posterior compartment of the forearm

Superficial layer

Brachioradialis- Radial nerve (C5, C6, C7)

Extensor carpii radialis longus- Radial nerve (C6, C7)

Extensor carpi radialis brevis- Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor digitorium- Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor digiti minimi- Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor carpi ulnaris- Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Deep Layer

Supinator- Deep branch of radial nerve (C7, C8)

Extensor indicis- Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)-continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Outcropping muscles of deep layer

Extensor pollicis longus- Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)-continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Abductor pollicis longus- Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)-continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extensor polices brevis- Posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)-continuation of deep branch of radial nerve

Extra: Supinator is innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve. The deep branch then becomes the posterior interosseous nerve upon exiting the supinator muscle. Supinator’s nerve roots are primarily from C6 (with some C5 involvement). There are other questions in this question bank which ask specifically about this.

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17
Q

Shoulder stability in abduction is due to which of the following?

A The pectoralis major muscle insertion
B The glenoid labrum
C The glenohumeral ligaments
D The musculotendinous cuff of the rotator cuff muscles

A

D

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18
Q

Which of the following muscles is not supplied by the posterior interosseus nerve?

A Extensor carpi ulnaris
B Supinator
C Brachioradialis
D Abductor pollicis longus

A

C

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19
Q

With regard to the sternoclavicular joint, which of the following statements is true?

A Is mostly stabilised by the costoclavicular ligament
B Is supplied by nerve branches from C8 and T1
C Contains two fibrocartilaginous discs
D Is the fulcrum of movements of the sterno-clavicular joint

A

A

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20
Q

Which of the following features protects against inferior dislocation of the abducted shoulder?

A Gleno-humeral joint
B Long head of triceps
C Glenohumeral ligament
D Coraco-acromial arch

A

B

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21
Q

In terms of the relationship of structures within the cubital fossa, which of the following is correct?

A The median nerve lies lateral to the brachial artery
B The radial nerve is medial to biceps tendon
C The ulnar artery lies superficial to the pronator teres
D The radial artery is a direct continuation of the brachial artery

A

D

The contents of the cubital fossa, from medial to lateral are median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps bracii, radial nerve, and posterior interosseous nerve. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa, it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be the direct continuation of the brachial artery, and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angle.

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22
Q

Regarding triceps, which of the following statements is correct?

A It has two heads
B The blood supply is from the posterior interosseous artery
C It is supplied by the radial nerve
D It stabilises the shoulder in abduction resisting inferior dislocation.

A

C

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23
Q

Which of the following statements is false in relation to the carpal tunnel?

A Flexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon runs in a subcompartment of the flexor tunnel
B Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) lies in its own synovial sheath as it passes through the tunnel
C The tendon of palmaris longus (PL) lies above the retinaculum and is only partially attached to it
D Flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons lie within the same sheath at the tunnel

A

B

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24
Q

Regarding the quadrangular space, triangular interval and triangular space, which of the following statements is false?

A Teres minor forms a border of both the triangular space and quadrangular space
B Long head of triceps forms the medial border of the quadrangular space
C Quadrangular space admits the axillary nerve
D Triangular space transmits the radial nerve

A

D

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25
Q

Which of the following is correct in relation to the radial nerve?

A Occupies the entire length of the radial groove
B Runs with the profunda brachii in the radial groove
C Gives off the posterior interosseus in the spiral groove
D Contains only fibers of C 5,6,7

A

B

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26
Q

Which statement regarding the interossei of the hand is correct?

A Combined palmar and dorsal interossei cause abduction
B Arise from the flexor retinaculum
C Palmar interossei cause abduction
D Innervated by a deep branch of ulnar nerve

A

D

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27
Q

Which of the following statements is true in relation to the axillary artery?

A Supplies the pectoral muscles via the superior thoracic artery
B Arises from the vertebral artery
C Has no branches in it’s 3rd part
D Is clasped in its 3rd part by the cords of the brachial plexus

A

A

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28
Q

Regarding the ulnar artery, which of the following is correct?

A Forms the deep palmar arch
B The ulnar nerve lies lateral to it
C Has the common interosseus as its major branch
D It disappears from the cubital fossa by passing above the fibrous arch of flexor digitorium superficialis

A

C

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29
Q

The flexor retinaculum attaches to all bones except which of the following?

A Capitate
B Trapezium
C Hamate
D Pisiform

A

A

Lateral attachment: scaphoid (tubercle) and trapezium (ridge)

Medial attachment: pisiform and hook of hamate

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30
Q

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the radial artery?

A Forms both the anterior and posterior carpal arches with the ulnar artery
B In its middle third, the radial nerve lies medial to it
C Lies on brachioradialis in the upper arm
D Passes between the tendons of extensor pollicis brevis (EPB) and abductor pollicis longus (APL)

A

A

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31
Q

Regarding the acromio-clavicular joint, which of the following statements is false?

A Is innervated by the lateral pectoral nerve, axillary nerve and lateral supraclavicular nerve
B It is a complex joint with an incomplete wedge shaped articular disc
C The coraco-clavicular ligament is not a joint stabilising factor
D All movements are passive

A

C

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32
Q

Regarding the medial longitudinal arch of the foot, which of the following is false?

A The pillars of the arch are the tuberosity of the calcaneus posteriorly and the bodies of the three metatarsal bones anteriorly
B The most important ligament is the plantar aponeurosis
C The most important muscular supporting structure is the tendon of flexor hallucis longus
D Bones contribute little to arch stability

A

A

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33
Q

Regarding the ankle joint, which of the following statements is correct?

A The lateral ligament attaches to talus and calcaneus
B The capsule attaches to the articular margins of the tibia, fibula and anterior talus
C It has a fixed axis of rotation
D deep part of the deltoid ligament is triangular in shape

A

A

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34
Q

In relation to the lateral compartment of the leg, which of the following statements is correct?

A Peroneus brevis passes above the peroneal trochlea to be inserted into the tubercle at the base of the 5th metatarsal
B Peroneus longus lies in the groove on the posterior ridge of the cuboid bone
C Contains peroneus longus, brevis and tertius
D Contains the deep peroneal nerve and the superficial peroneal nerve

A

A

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35
Q

Which muscle attaches to both the tibia and fibula?

A Peroneus
B Tibialis anterior
C Extensor digitorum longus
D Flexor digitorum longus

A

C

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36
Q

Regarding the menisci of the knee, which of the following statements is correct?

A The anterior horn of medial meniscus is attached to medial tibial condyle

B The posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) extends anteromedially and is attached to the anterolateral aspect of the medial femoral condyle

C The medial meniscus is vascular

D A fold of synovium lies posterior to anterior cruciate

A

C

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37
Q

Regarding the adductor canal, which of the following statements is correct?

A Adductor longus forms the roof
B The nerve to vastus lateralis passes through it
C The vein is medial to the artery throughout
D The femoral artery lies between the saphenous nerve and femoral vein

A

D

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38
Q

All of the following drain into the great saphenous vein except?

A Deep circumflex iliac
B Superficial epigastric
C Superficial circumflex iliac
D external pudendal

A

A

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39
Q

All of the following are branches of the femoral artery except?

A Superficial epigastric
B Obturator
C Superficial circumflex iliac
D Profunda femoris

A

B

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40
Q

Which of the following passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A Piriformis
B The superior gemellus
C Superior gluteal artery
D Internal pudendal artery

A

D

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41
Q

Which of the following structures is not in the 3rd layer of the sole?

Your answer was correct

A Peroneus longus
B Flexor hallucis brevis
C Adductor hallucis
D Flexor digiti minimi brevis

A

A Peroneus longus is in the 4th layer (and tibialis posterior)

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42
Q

All of the following make up the lateral longitudinal arch except?

A Cuboid
B Calcaneus
C Talus
D lateral two metatarsals

A

C

The lateral longitudinal arch is much flatter than the medial part of the arch and rests on the ground during standing. It is made up of the calcaneus, cuboid and the lateral two metatarsals

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43
Q

All of the following structures pass deep to the superior extensor retinaculum with the exception of?

A Extensor digitorum longus
B Deep peroneal nerve
C Superficial peroneal nerve
D Peroneus tertius

A

C

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44
Q

Which dermatome usually supplies the great toe?

A L4
B L3
C S1
D L5

A

D
L3= anterior and medial thigh and knee

L4= medial leg, medial ankle and side of foot

L5= lateral leg, dorsum of foot, medial sole, 1-3 toes

S1= lateral ankle, lateral side of dorsum and sole of foot, 4-5 toes

S2= Posterior leg, posterior thigh, buttocks and penis

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45
Q

In relation to Hiltons law, which nerve does not supply the hip joint?

A Obturator
B Femoral
C Nerve to quadratus femoris
D Inferior gluteal

A

D

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46
Q

The dorsal column pathways synapse in which of the following?

A Pons
B Thalamus
C Gracile and cuneate nuclei
D Cerebellum

A

C

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47
Q

Which of the following structures are not involved in the control of posture and movement?

A Spino-cerebellar tracts
B Tractus solitarius
C Lateral reticulo-spinal tract
D Vestibulo-spinal tract

A

B

The spinocerebellar tracts convey unconscious proprioceptive information from cord to cerebellum. The reticulo- and vestibulo-spinal tracts synapse with interneurons which in turn project to motor neurons. The vestibulo-spinal tract is of great importance for posture and balance. The reticulo-spinal tract Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture

The solitary tract and nucleus are structures in the brainstem which carry and receive visceral sensation and taste from the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

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48
Q

The posterior columns transmit which of the following structures?

A Temperature afferents
B Pain afferents
C Tendon stretch afferents
D Motor tracts

A

C

Temperature and pain afferents are transmitted by the spino-thalamic tracts

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49
Q

Regarding the speech centres, which of the following statements is correct?

A Damage to Broca’s area produces motor aphasia
B Damage to Wernicke’s area produces expressive dysphasia
C Broca’s area is on the right side in most left handed people
D Wernicke’s area controls motor response

A

A
Left hemisphere is dominant for language in over 95% of right handers and in over 60-70% of left-handers. Wernicke’s area is involved in the understanding of written and spoken language. Wernicke’s area produces receptive aphasia when damaged. Broca’s area is linked with speech production. (but new recent evidence demonstrates that Broca’s area also plays a significant role in language comprehension)

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50
Q

Regarding the ocular muscles, which of the following statements is correct?

A Combined action of superior rectus and inferior oblique causes vertical upward movement
B Abducens paralysis makes eye turn down and out
C Superior rectus makes eye turn up and out
D In trochlear paralysis, the eye cannot look upwards when turned out

A

A
Paralysis of the abducens nerve, abduction of the eyeball is lost. Superior rectus adducts, elevates and medially rotates the eyeball. Trochlear paralysis leads to inability to abduct, depress and medially rotate the eyeball

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51
Q

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the midbrain?

A It contains the occulomotor nuclei
B It is largely in the middle cranial fossa
C It is supplied by the anterior and inferior cerebellar arteries
D It lies between the pons and the upper spinal cord

A

A
Most of the midbrain lies in the posterior cranial fossa, with its upper part passing through the tentorial notch. The midbrain is supplied by the posterior cerebral and superior cerebellar arteries as they curl around the cerebral peduncle. The medulla oblongata lies between the pons and the spinal cord. The internal structure of the midbrain contains the occulomotor nucleus

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52
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid communicates with the subarachnoid space via which of the following?

A Tela Choroidia
B 4th ventricle
C 3rd ventricle
D Choroid plexus

A

B
It communicates via the foramina of the lateral rescesses of the 4th ventricle in an area termed the cerebello-medullary cistern.

The foramina through which the CSF flows are two lateral apetures of Luschka (L for lateral) and in the median apeture of Magendie (M for median)

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53
Q

Which muscle controls vocal cord abduction in the larynx?

A Aryepiglottic
B Lateral cricoarytenoid
C Transverse arytenoid
D Posterior cricoarytenoid

A

D
The posterior cricoarytenoid muscle is the most important muscle of the larynx as it is the only muscle that abducts the vocal folds and opens the glottis

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54
Q

Which structure does not travel through the jugular foramen?

A Vagus nerve
B Hypoglossal nerve
C Accessory nerve
D Glossopharyngeal nerve

A

B

The hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.
9 10 11 pass through jugular foramen

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55
Q

Which of the following structures is not involved in vocal cord movement?

A Aryepiglottics
B Posterior cricoarytenoid
C Vocalis
D Thyroarytenoid

A

A

The aryepiglottics approximate the aryepiglottic folds and close the laryngeal inlet.

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56
Q

Question 152
Which of the following is a branch of the anterior division of the mandibular nerve?

A Lateral pterygoid
B zygomaticotemporal
C infraorbital
D infratrochlear

A

A

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57
Q

Which of the following structures exits the skull through the stylomastoid foramen?

A Temporal artery
B Occipital artery
C Facial nerve
D Trigeminal nerve

A

C
The stylomastoid foramen is the termination of the facial canal and transmits the facial nerve and stylomastoid artery.

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58
Q

Which of the following is not a branch of the opthalmic nerve?

A Supratrochlear nerve
B infratrochlear nerve
C infraorbital nerve
D Supraorbital nerve

A

C

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59
Q

Which of the following cranial nerves are not mixed nerves (both sensory and motor)

Your answer was not correct

A CN VII
B CN IX
C CN VI
D CN X

A

C

60
Q

All the following are branches of the external carotid except?

A Hypoglossal artery
B Lingual artery
C Facial artery
D Ascending pharyngeal artery

A

A

61
Q

While transversing the temporal bone within the facial canal, CN VII gives rise to following nerves except?

A Deep petrosal nerve
B Greater pertrosal nerve
C Nerve to the stapedius
D Chorda tympani nerve

A

A

62
Q

Which of the following is a branch of the mandibular nerve?

A Auriculotemporal nerve
B Infraorbital nerve
C External nasal nerve
D Zygomaticofacial nerve

A

A
The buccal, lingual nerve, inferior alveolar nerve, nerve to mylohyoid, inferior dental plexus and mental nerves are also branches of the mandibular nerve

63
Q

Regarding the Internal thoracic artery, which of the following statements is correct?

A The internal thoracic artery is crossed near their origins by the ipsilateral phrenic nerve
B It descends straight down 1 cm medially to border of sternum
C It is a branch of 2nd part of subclavian artery
D Gives off two anterior intercostal branches to the 5 superior intercostal spaces

A

A

64
Q

Which of the following statements is correct regarding the oesophagus?

A Is 28cm long
B Is narrowest at the commencement at the cricopharyngeal sphincter
C Begins at the lower border of the thyroid cartilage
D Ends at the cardiac orifice of the stomach at level T10

A

B

65
Q

With regard to the bronchopulmonary segments, all of the following statements are true except?

A The superficial bronchial veins of the right main bronchus drain into the azygos vein
B There are approximately 9 segments in each lung
C The lingular portion of the superior left lobe is divided into an upper and lower segment
D Material aspirated tends to lodge in apical segment of the right lower lobe

A

B

66
Q

Which of the following levels is correct in relation to the oesophageal opening in the diaphragm?

A T12
B T6
C T8
D T10

A

D

T8- vena cava foramen

T10- oesophagus

T12- Aortic opening

Nice way to remember: T8 - vena cava (8 letters) T10 - oesophagus (10 letters) T12 - aortic hiatus (12 letters)

and even: I ate 10 eggs at 12. (I=IVC, ate=8, Eggs=Eosophagus, At=Aorta)

67
Q

Which of the following statements is true in relation to the trachea?

A Drains into the axillary lymph nodes
B Enters the thoracic inlet slightly to the left of midline
C Its lower end is behind the manubrium
D Is supplied by glossopharyngeal nerve

A

C

68
Q

Which of the following statements is correct in relation to the diaphragm and its openings?

A Has an aortic opening opposite T12
B Has the oesophageal opening opposite the T8 vertebrae
C Is supplied by C4, 5, 6
D Has a vena caval opening at T10

A

A

T8- vena cava foramen

T10- oesophagus

T12- Aortic opening

Nice way to remember: T8 - vena cava (8 letters) T10 - oesophagus (10 letters) T12 - aortic hiatus (12 letters)

and even: I ate 10 eggs at 12. (I=IVC, ate=8, Eggs=Eosophagus, At=Aorta)

69
Q

Which structure passes through the diaphragm with the oesophagus?

A Phrenic nerve
B Azygous vein
C Vagal trunk
D Thoracic duct

A

C

The vagal trunks and the oesophageal branches of the left gastric artery, veins and lymphatics accompany the oesophagus as it passes through the diaphragm

70
Q

Which structure passes directly behind the hilum of the right lung?

AHemi-azygous vein
B Right phrenic nerve
C Right vagus nerve
DInternal mammary artery

A

C

71
Q

Regarding the relations of the ureter, which of the following is false?

A It crosses the sacro iliac joint at the bifurication of the iliac vessels
B It crosses the vas deferens in males
C It runs down the tips of the transverse processes of lumbar spine
D gonadal vessels cross over the ureters

A

B
The ductus deferens (vas) crosses above the ureter (not the other way around) and then runs medially to it. “Bridge over water”

Note: In the old (now non- prescribed TB: the ureters lie medial to the tips of the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae)

The new prescribed textbook: the ureters occupy a sagittal plane that intersects the tips of the transverse process of the lumbar vertebrae

The wording although different reflects the same thing: the ureters overlie the tips of the transverse processes

72
Q

Which of the following structures pass through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A Obturator internus
B Piriformis muscle
C Superior gemelli
D Inferior gemelli

A

A

It transmits the following structures:

The tendon of obturator internus (TO)

Internal pudendal artery (I)

Internal pudendal veins (I)

Pudendal nerve (P)

Nerve to obturator internus (N)

“PINTO” mnemonic:

73
Q

Which of the following statements is true of colon?

A The lymphatic drainage is via superior and inferior mesenteric lymph nodes
B The ascending is longer than the descending colon
C The only part suspended on mesentry is the transverse colon
D The marginal artery is weakest at the hepatic flexure

A

A

74
Q

Regarding the testicle, which of the following statements is correct?

A It drains to the pre-aortic and inguinal nodes
B Vas deferens lies in the lower, posterior part of the cord
C It has no parasympathetic supply
D Appendix testis is attached to inferior pole of the testis

A

B

75
Q

In relation to the stomach, which of the following statements is false?

A It is supplied by branches of the coeliac trunk
B It is completely invested by peritoneum
C cardia is situated at T12
D The pyloric opening is at L1

A

C

76
Q

Which of the following is the highest branch of the abdominal aorta?

A Left gonadal artery
B suprarenal artery
C Inferior phrenic artery
D Left renal artery

A

C

77
Q

A lumbar puncture needle passes through which correct series of layers to get CSF?

A Skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, dura, arachnoid
B Skin, subcutaneous tissue, supraspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, interspinous ligament, dura, arachnoid
C Skin, subcutaneous tissue, ligamentum flavum, supraspinous ligament, interspinous ligament, dura, arachnoid
D Skin, subcutaneous tissue, interspinous ligament, ligamentum flavum, supraspinous ligament, dura, arachnoid

A

A

78
Q

A patient is stabbed in his axilla; it results in damage to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus. Which muscle will be denervated?

A Anconeus
B Flexi carpi ulnaris
C Supinator
D Coracobrachialis

A

D

Injury to the lateral cord of the brachial plexus results in injury to the musculocutaneous nerve (MC), the lateral pectoral nerve and the lateral root that forms part of the median nerve of the median nerve (MN).

Muscles affected

MC: coracobrachialis, biceps brachii and brachialis (note that brachialis is innervated by some fibres of the radial nerve)

Lateral pectoral nerve: pectoralis major and some part of the pectoralis minor (via branches which connect to the medial pectoral nerve)

MN: muscles of the anterior forearm compartment (except flexi carpi ulnaris and ulnar half of flexor digitorium profundus), five intrinsic muscles in thenar half of the palm and palmer skin

79
Q

Which of the following regarding the cerebrospinal fluid is false?

A The net weight of the brain bathed in CSF is only 50g
B 500-550 mls is produced daily
C It is absorbed by the choroid plexuses
D It communicates between the 3rd and 4th ventricle via the cerebral aqueduct

A

C (produced by choroid plexus)

80
Q

Which of the following arteries to not supply the duodenum?

A Left gastric artery
B Inferior pancreaticoduodenal artery
C Right gastroepiploic artery
D Hepatic artery

A

A

81
Q

Which statement regarding the ureter is true?

A The ureters are approximately 40cm long
B Nerve innervation includes sympathetic fibres from T11-L3 and parasympathetic splanchnic nerves
C The ureters in females pass close to the lateral part of the fornix of the vagina
D The ureters lie anterior to the ductus deferens

A

c

82
Q

Regarding upper limb dermatomes. Which is the correct dermatome-sensory innervation

A T1-lateral aspect of arm and forearm
B C4-lateral shoulder and upperarm
C C8-little finger, medial side of hand and arm
D C6-lateral forearm and thumb

A

d

Dermatomes as per clinical Moore:

C3,C4 region at base of neck, extending laterally over shoulder.

C5 lateral spect of arm

C6 lateral forearm and thumb

C7 middle three finger and centre of posterior apect of forearm

C8 little finger, medial side of hand and forearm

T1 medialal aspect of forearm and inferior arm

T2 medial aspect of superior arm and skin of axilla

both last two options are correct in this question.

83
Q

Carpal tunnel syndrome is proved by all except?

A Weakness of the thenar muscles
B Relief of symptoms after surgical incision of the flexor retinaculum
C Loss of sensation over the thenar eminence but not the central palm
D Loss of sensation over the medial three and a half digits

A

d (medial = ulnar nerve)

84
Q

The dorsal scapular nerve, which is correct?

A It is a branch from the trunks of the brachial plexus
B Arises from the C6 root
C Pierces scalenus medius
D Supplies the rhomboids and occasionally subclavius

A

C

85
Q

Which muscle and resultant scapula movement is INCORRECT?

A Depression- Rhomboids
B Elevation- Trapezius (descending part)
C Protraction- Serratus anterior
D Downward rotation- Lattisimus dorsi

A

A

Elevation- Trapezius (descending part)

Depression- Gravity

Protraction- Serratus anterior

Retraction- Trapezius (middle part)

Upward rotation- Trapezius (descending part) and serratus anterior (inferior part)

Downward rotation- Lattisimus dorsi

Note: These muscles are the prime movers. There are other muscles assisting in the movements as well

Rhomboids are invloved in retraction, elevation and downward rotation of the scapula

86
Q

The deep branch of the radial nerve supplies all the following EXCEPT?

A Extensor carpi radialis longus
B Extensor carpi ulnaris
C Extensor pollicis longus
D Supinator

A

A

Bachioradialis and extensor carpi radialis longus are supplied by the radial nerve C6, C7, by a branch arising above the elbow joint. Anconeus is supplied by the radial nerve as well (C7C8)

87
Q

Injury to the common fibular nerve is associated with all the following EXCEPT?

A Fibular fracture
B loss over dorsum of the foot
C Eversion of the foot
D Foot drop

A

C

88
Q

Running superior to inferior, branches of the aorta include

A Coeliac, superior mesenteric, renal, gonadal
B Coeliac, gonadal, renal, inferior mesenteric
C Coeliac, supra-renal, gonadal, superior mesenteric
D Coeliac, superior mesenteric, supra-renal, renal

A

A

89
Q

Regarding the relations of the abdominal aorta, which is true?
A The abdominal aorta descends anterior to the vertebral bodies T12-L5
B The 3rd part of the duodenum passes anterior
C The abdominal aorta extends the transpyloric plane to a point inferior and to the left of the umbilicus at the level of the supracristal planeYour Answer
D The thoracic duct runs to the left of the aorta

A

B

90
Q

Fascia and compartments of the palm, which is INCORRECT?

A The palmer aponeurosis septa that forms the spaces arises from the flexor retinaculum
B The deepest muscular plane of the palm is the adductor compartment
C The central compartment contains the flexor tendons and the lumbrical muscles
D The second metacarpal bones divides the thenar space from the midpalmer space

A

D
The palmer aponeurosis fans out form the distal border of the flexor retinaculum. From each of its two sides a septum dips deeply into the palm. That from the ulnar border is attached to the palmer border of the fifth metacarpal bone. The space so formed medial to it is the hypothenar space. The remaining part of the palm is divided into two spaces by the septum that dips in from the radial border of the palmer aponeurosis to the palmer surface of the third metacarpal bone. This septum lies obliquely and separates the thenar space on its radial side from the midpalmer space or beneath the palmer aponeurosis. The septum usually passes deeply between the flexor tendons of the index and middle finger

The spaces can be called compartments as well. The midpalmer/central compartment contains the flexor tendons and their sheaths, lumbricals, superficial palmer arterial arch and the digital vessels and nerves. The hypothenar space/compartment contains the hypothenar muscles and fascia and the thenar muscles and fascia re contained in the thenar space.

The deepest muscular plane of the palm is the adductor compartment containing the adductor pollicis

91
Q

Form which nerves does localised back pain initially originate?

A Meningeal branches of spinal nerves
B Mixed spinal nerves
C Mixed nerve roots
D Posterior rami

A

D

92
Q

Kiesselbach area is supplied by all of the following arteries EXCEPT?

A Septal branch of the inferior labial artery
B Anterior ethmoidal artery
C Greater palatine artery
D Sphenopalatine artery

A

A

93
Q

Which is INCORRECT regarding the sciatic nerve?

A The sciatic nerve is the largest nerve in the body
B The sciatic nerve receives the sciatic artery, a branch of the superior gluteal artery
C The sciatic nerve runs inferolateraly under the gluteus maximus muscle
D The sciatic nerve is the most lateral nerve entering the greater sciatic foramen

A

B

94
Q

Myotome C6 performs all upper limb movements EXCEPT?

A Elbow extension
B Medial rotation of upper limb
C Wrist extension
D Pronation of forearm

A

D

C5-C6 Flexion of the arm at the shoulder joint C6 Supination at the shoulder joint C6-C7 Extension of the forearm at the elbow jointFlexion and extension of the hand at the wrist joint C6-C8 Medial rotation, adduction, and extension of the arm at the shoulder joint C7-C8 Pronation at the shoulder jointFlexion and extension of the digits of the hand at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints

95
Q

Which is the incorrect dermatome description of the upper arm?

A T1= medial aspect of forearm and superior arm
B C3, C4= region at base of neck, extending laterally over the shoulder
C C5= lateral aspect of the arm
D C8= little finger, medial side of hand and forearm

A

A

C3, C4= region at base of neck, extending laterally over the shoulder

C5= lateral aspect of the arm,

C6= lateral forearm and thumb

C7= Middle and ring fingers, and centre of the posterior aspect of the forearm

C8= little finger, medial side of hand and forearm

T1= medial aspect of forearm and inferior arm

T2= medial aspect of superior arm and skin of axilla

96
Q

Which myotome causes big toe abduction?

Your answer was not correct

A L4
B S2
C L3
D L5

A

S2

97
Q

Which is true regarding the aortic arch and its relations?

A The bifurcation of the pulmonary artery and the right main bronchus are found at the level of the arch
B The aortic arch becomes the descending aorta at the level of T4
C Ligamentum venosum connects the left pulmonary artery to the aortic arch
D The trachea lies behind and to the left of the aortic arch.

A

B

98
Q

Which plane and its definition is correct?

A Axial plane: are planes passing the body dividing it into anterior and posterior parts
B Sagittal plane: are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
C Frontal plane: the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into right and left halves
D Median plane: are transverse planes passing through the body at right angles to the sagittal plane

A

B

Median plane: the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body, divides the body into right and left halves. Median planes pass through the body at right angles to the frontal plane

Sagittal plane: are vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

Frontal plane: are vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) parts- also called coronal plane

Transverse plane: are planes passing through the body at right angles to the median, sagittal and frontal planes, dividing the body into superior (upper) and inferior (lower) parts. Also called axial (or transxial) planes

99
Q

What is meant by the term heterotopic bones?

A Bone formation in tissues
B Cartilage that has undergone bony metaplasia
C Supernumerary bone formation when additional ossification centers appear
D Bone that forms during fracture healing

A

A

100
Q

Which of the following is a fusiform muscle?

A Pectoralis major
B Orbicularis oris
C Deltoid
D Biceps Brachii

A

D
Fusiform muscles are spindle shaped with a round thick belly (bellies) and tapered ends. Biceps Brachii, psoas major, flexor carpi radialis, brachioradialis, extensor carpi radialis longus are a few examples.

101
Q

Which autonomic cranial ganglion distribution paring is INCORRECT?

A Ciliary ganglion: iris
B Submandibular: sublingual
C Otic ganglion: eye muscles
D Pterygopalatine ganglion: lacrimal gland

A

C

102
Q

Which ciliary ganglion-cranial nerve pairing is CORRECT?

A Submandibular ganglion: CN IX
B Ciliary ganglion: CN II
C Pterygopalatine ganglion: CN VII
D Otic ganglion: CN X

A

C

Ciliary ganglion: Parasympathetic root (PR)= CN III, sympathetic root (SR)= internal carotid plexus

Pterygopalatine ganglion: PR= CN VII, SR= internal carotid plexus and CNV2

Otic ganglion: PR= CN IX, SR= superior cervical ganglion

Submandibular ganglion: PR= CN VII, SR= superior cervical ganglion

Note: for cranial nerve contributions to the ganglion of the head and neck: COPS 3977 (i.e. ciliary CN III, otic CN IX, pterygopalatine CN VII, and submandibular CN VII)

103
Q

What is the function(s) of the lumbricals of the foot?

A Extension of middle and distal phalanges of the lateral four digits
B Adduction of the lateral four toes
C Flexion of the lateral four toes
D Adduct digits and flex metatarsophalangeal joints

A

A

104
Q

Regarding the deep fascia, which of the following statements is correct?

A It Is a dense, organised layer of tissue containing fat
B It allows for muscle expansion
C It passes freely over bone
D It is absent in the face

A

D

The deep fascia is very sensitive. Its nerve supply, along with the nerve supply of the subcutaneous periosteum, is that of the overlying skin. The deep fascia is always anchored to the periosteum when it passes directly over the bone. The deep fascia never passes freely over bone and It is not found in the face nor the ischiorectal fossa.

Deep fascia is devoid of fat. The relatively unyielding deep fascia investing muscles, and especially that surrounding the fascial compartments in the limbs, limits the outward expansion of the bellies of contracting skeletal muscles

105
Q

Which nerve root would be affected if there was numbness to the anterior lower leg and medial three toes?

A S1
B L3
C L4
D L5

A

D

106
Q

Which of the following eye muscles depresses, adducts and laterally rotates the eyeball?

A Superior oblique
B Inferior rectus
C Superior rectus
D Inferior oblique

A

B

107
Q

Which of the following branches of the external carotid artery do not arise in the carotid triangle?

A Occipital arteryYour Answer
B Posterior auricular artery
C Ascending pharyngeal artery
D Lingual artery

A

B

108
Q

At what costal level does the pleura reflection reach at the mid axillary line

A 10th rib
B 8th rib
C 6th rib
D 12th rib

A

A
Anterior median line= 6th costal cartilage on the right and 4th of the left

Mid clavicular line= 8th rib (lower lung border 6th)

Mid axillary line= 10th rib (lower lung border 8th)

Mid scapular line= 12th rib (lower lung border 10th)

109
Q

Which nerve supplies the pinna of the ear?

Your answer was not correct

A Maxillary nerve
B Vagus nerve
C Facial nerve
D Mandibular nerve

A

D

110
Q

The mitral valve is located posterior to which costal cartilage?

A 5th costal cartilage
B 2nd costal cartilage
C 3rd costal cartilage
D 4th costal cartilage

A

D

111
Q

At the level of which intercostal cartilage does the superior vena cava (SVC) drain into the right atrium?

A 5th intercostal cartilage
B 2nd intercostal cartilage
C 3rd costal cartilage
D 4th intercostal cartilage

A

C

112
Q

The internal thoracic artery is a branch of which of the following?

A Vertebral artery
B Axillary artery
C Subclavian artery
D Thyrocervical trunk

A

C

113
Q

Anterior relations of the internal thoracic artery include

A Axillary artery
B Upper six intercostal spaces
C Sternum
D Posterior root of the lung

A

B

114
Q

The intercostals increase the volume of the thorax in which dimension?

A Anterior-posterior
B Oblique
C Lateral
D Vertical

A

A

115
Q

Which of the following nerves has roots from C6, C7 and C8?

A Suprascapular nerve
B Thoracodorsal nerve
C Long thoracic nerve
D Nerve to subclavius

A

B

116
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for processing sense of smell?

A Occipital cortex
B Temporal lobe
C Frontal lobe
D Pituitary gland

A

B

117
Q

In a patient with Carpel Tunnel Syndrome, weakness will be evident in testing of which of the following muscles on examination?

A Extensor Pollicis Longus
B Abductor Pollicis Brevis
C Abductor Pollicis Longus
D Flexor Pollicis Longus

A

B

118
Q

A middle-aged man presents to the emergency department with left-sided flank pain and is found to have a ureteric calculus. Nerve fibres carry afferent supply from the ureter to which vertebral level?

Your answer was not correct

A L2-L4
B T8-T10
C T10-T12
D T11-L2

A

D

119
Q

In anterior shoulder dislocation, which ligaments are most likely damaged?

A Acromioclavicular ligament
B Transverse humeral ligament
C Coracohumeral ligaments
D Glenohumeral ligaments

A

D

120
Q

Between which muscles does the musculocutaneous nerve run after piercing the coracobrachialias?

A Biceps and Flexor Digitorum Profundus
B Biceps and brachialis
C Biceps and brachioradialis
D Brachioradialis and supinator

A

B

The musculocutaneous nerve begins opposite the inferior border of the pec minor, pierces the coracobrachialis, and continues distally between the biceps and the brachialis.

121
Q

A patient is stabbed in the anterior chest to the left of the sternum. Which structure is most likely damaged?

A Left atrium
B Right ventricle
C Left ventricle
D Right atrium

A

B

122
Q

What, either directly or indirectly, provide sensation to the majority of the peripheral diaphragmatic pleura?

A Subcostal nerves
B Intercostal nerves
C Phrenic nerves
D Costophrenic nerves

A

B

123
Q

What is the narrowest point of the oesophagus?

A Oesophageal cardiac constriction
B Pharyngo-oesophageal junction
C Broncho-aortic constriction
D Oesophageal hiatus of the diaphragm

A

B

124
Q

The dermatome that typically involves the medial knee?

Your answer was not correct

A L5
B L2
C L3
D L4

A

C

125
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid produced by the choroid plexus reaches the subarachnoid space directly by the openings in the
Select one:

a. lateral ventricle

b. fourth ventricle

c. third ventricle

d. dural sinuses

A

B

126
Q

Which one of the following statements concerning the relations of the arch of the aorta is INCORRECT
Select one:

a. the ascending aorta arches backwards to reach the body of the fourth thoracic vertebra

b. the arch is crossed on its left side by the phrenic and vagus nerves

c. the left recurrent laryngeal nerve passes upwards on the left side of the arch of the aorta

d. ends by becoming the thoracic aorta posterior to the 2nd left sternocostal joint

A

C

(left recurrent laryngeal nerve goes UNDER aortic arch)

127
Q

Which one of the following statements concerning a typical intercostal nerve is INCORRECT
Select one:

a. it is a mixed spinal nerve

b. it passes in the neurovascular plane between the internal intercostal and innermost intercostal muscles

c. its collateral branch has no cutaneous distribution

d. in its course around the body wall the nerve lies below the vein and the artery

A

C

128
Q

Which of the following is correct regarding the pancreas
Select one:

a. the head is palpable in the epigastric region

b. the body and tail are left and inferior to the transpyloric level

c. the posterior surface is covered by peritoneum
Incorrect

d. the neck overlies the L1/L2 vertebrae

A

D

129
Q

The obturator nerve supplies
Select one:

a. adductor magnus

b. obturator internus
Incorrect

c. quadratus femoris

d. sartorius

A

A

130
Q

Regarding innervation of the hand
Select one:

a. palmar branch of median nerve passes under the flexor retinaculum

b. the deep branch of the ulna nerve supplies the interossei muscles
Correct

c. the common palmar distal nerves lie superficial to the palmar arch

d. carpal tunnel syndrome results in loss of flexion of IP joint of the thumb

A

b

131
Q

With regard to the anatomical snuff box
Select one:

a. the extensor pollicis longus tendon forms its ulna border

b. the radial artery makes up part of its boundary

c. the abductor pollicis brevis tendon forms its radial border
Incorrect

d. scaphoid and triquetrum are palpable in the floor

A

A

132
Q

The annular ligament of the radius
Select one:

a. is covered in synovium

b. is attached to the head of the radius

c. is attached to the margins of the radial notch

d. clasps the head, neck and shaft of the radius

A

C

133
Q

Regarding synovial flexor sheaths in the hand and wrist, which one of the following is INCORRECT
Select one:

a. it surrounds the flexor tendons in the carpal tunnel

b. the superficial and deep flexors are invested with a common synovial sheath

c. for the index, ring and middle finger, a separate synovial sheath lines the fibrous sheath over the phalanges

d. the sheath is the origin of the lumbricals

A

D

134
Q

The ophthalmic division of trigeminal nerve
Select one:

a. enters the face via the inferior orbital fissure

b. supplies sympathetic fibres to constrictor papillae muscles

c. supplies sensation to the forehead and upper eyelid, excluding the orbit

d. gives five branches, two of which contain sympathetic as well as sensory fibres

A

D

135
Q

Regarding the facial vein, all of the following are true EXCEPT
Select one:

a. it drains into the internal jugular vein

b. it has no valves

c. it communicates with the cavernous sinus via the ophthalmic vein

d. it runs inferoposteriorly anterior to the facial artery

A

D

136
Q

The trachea
Select one:

a. starts at the thyroid cartilage

b. bifurcates behind the manubriosternal angle

c. passes through the posterior mediastinum

d. is not supplied by the recurrent laryngeal nerve

A

B

137
Q

The phrenic nerves
Select one:

a. is derived from C4, 5 & 6 nerve roots

b. provides motor supply only to the diaphragm

c. passes posterior to the lung roots

d. pierces the muscle of the diaphragm on the left side

A

D

138
Q

Which of the following structures passes deep to the flexor retinaculum of the wrist
Select one:

a. palmar cutaneous branch of ulnar nerve

b. palmar longus tendon

c. flexor pollicis longus tendon

d. ulnar artery

A

C

139
Q

All of the following are true of extensor pollicis longus EXCEPT
Select one:

a. it inserts at the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb

b. it forms the ulnar side of the anatomical snuffbox

c. its nerve supply is from the radial nerve

d. its origin is from the posterior surface of the ulna and adjacent interosseous membrane

A

A

140
Q

In the upper part of the popliteal fossa the following are from medial to lateral
Select one:

a. popliteal artery, popliteal vein, sciatic nerve

b. popliteal vein, popliteal artery, sciatic nerve

c. sciatic nerve, popliteal artery, popliteal vein

d. sciatic nerve, popliteal vein, popliteal artery

A

A

141
Q

All of the following are true of the phrenic nerve EXCEPT
Select one:

a. it is formed principally from C4

b. it runs down the anterior surface of scalenus anterior

c. it is the sole motor supply to the diaphragm

d. it runs posterior to the lung root

A

D

142
Q

The blood supply of the spinal cord
Select one:

a. is from a single anterior and posterior artery

b. anteriorly is from the anterior spinal artery derived from the right brachiocephalic trunk

c. lies in the subdural space

d. receives important contributions from radicular arteries

A

D

143
Q

Anterior relations of the abdominal aorta include
Select one:

a. the lateral arcuate ligament

b. the splenic vein inferior to the superior mesenteric artery

c. the left renal vein inferior to the inferior mesenteric artery

d. the parietal peritoneum inferior to the duodenum

A

D

144
Q

The arch of the aorta
Select one:

a. contains baroreceptors within its intima

b. extends from the manubriosternal joint to the body of T4

c. gives rise to four major arteries

d. is crossed on its right side by the vagus and phrenic nerves

A

B

145
Q

In the skull
Select one:

a. the anterior fontanelle usually closes by two months

b. the pterion overlies the middle meningeal artery

c. the round foramen transmits the mandibular branch of fifth cranial nerve

d. the cribriform plate is part of the sphenoid bone

A

B

146
Q

The clavicle
Select one:

a. is convex anteriorly throughout its entire length

b. articulates laterally with the coracoid via the coracoclavicular ligament

c. is crossed in its middle third by the subclavian vein

d. forms part of the apex of the axilla

A

D

Anatomy (2 decks)

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