Anatomy Last Minute Flashcards
Which is true regarding the pleural reflections
A The right and left side pleural reflections are symmetrical
B There are 3 pleural reflection lines: sternal, costal and mediastinal
C The sternal line of pleural reflection on the right side deviates at the level of the 6th coastal cartilage, but on the left at the 4th costal cartilage
D The reflection lines are lines along which the visceral pleural changes direction as it passes form one wall of the pleural cavity to another
C
Which is true regarding the right vagus and phrenic nerves and their relations in the superior mediastinum?
A Right phrenic nerve enters the superior mediastinum between the brachiocephalic trunk and the origin of the brachiocepahlic vein
B Right vagus nerve enter the superior mediastinum posterior to the sternoclavicular joint and common carotid artery
C Right phrenic nerve passes along the left side of the right brachiocepahlic vein, SVC and the pericardium over the right atrium
D Right vagus nerve passes through the superior mediastinum to the right of the trachea, posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC and root of the right lung
D
The vagus nerves enter the superior mediastinum posterior to their respective sternoclavicular joints and brachiocephalic veins. The right vagus nerve (RVN) runs posteroinferiorly through the superior mediastinum on the right side of the trachea. It then passes posterior to the right brachiocephalic vein, SVC and root of the right lung. Here it divides into many branches contributing to the right pulmonary plexus. The RVN usually leave the RPP as a single nerve and passes to the oesophagus where it splits up again to contribute to the oesophageal plexus. RVN also contributes to the cardiac plexus. The left phrenic nerve enters the superior mediastinum between the subclavian artery and the origin of the brachiocepahlic vein. The right phrenic nerve passes along the right side of the right brachiocepahlic vein, SVC and the pericardium over the right atrium. It also passes anterior to the root of the right lung and descends on the right side of the IVC to the diaphragm, which it pierces near the caval opening
Which is true regarding subarachnoid cisterns?
A Ambient cistern is continous posteriorly with the quadrigeminal cistern
B Chiasmatic cistern is inferior and posterior to the optic chiasm
C Pontocerebellar cistern is the largest cistern
D Ambient cistern contain parts of the great cerebral vein
A
Subarachnoid cisterns are openings in the subarachnoid space created by a separation of the arachnoid and pia mater. They contain CSF and soft tissue structures that anchor the brain. The cisterns are usually named according to the structures related to them.
Cerebellomedullary cistern-the largest of the cisterns located between the cerebellum and the medulla and receives CSF from the apertures of the 4th ventricle. It divides into a medial and lateral cerebellomedullary cistern.
Pontocerebellar cistern-an extensicve space ventral to the pons Interpeduncular cistern-located in the interpeduncular fossa
Chiasmatic cistern-inferior and anterior to the optic chiasm, the point of crossing of optic nerve fibres
Quadrigeminal cistern-contains parts of the great cerebral vein
Ambient cistern-located on the lateral aspect of the midbrain and is continuous posteriorly with the quadrageminal cistern.
Which of the following is an example of hyaline cartilage?
A Knee meniscus
B Epiphyseal growth plates
C Intervertebral disc
D Articular surface of clavicle
B
Examples of hyaline cartilage include costal, nasal, tracheobronchial, some laryngeal, the articular cartilage of typical synovial joints, and epiphyseal growth plates of bones.
Knee menisci, intervertebral discs, the glenoid labrum and articular surfaces of the clavicle are all fibrocartilage.
Note: Hyaline cartilage (aka “Gristle”) is a type of cartilage found on many joint surfaces. It is pearly bluish in colour with firm consistency and considerable collagen. It contains no nerves or blood vessels, and its structure is relatively simple. Hyaline cartilage is covered externally by a fibrous membrane, called the perichondrium, except at the articular ends of bones and also where it is found directly under the skin, i.e. ears and nose. This membrane contains vessels that provide the cartilage with nutrition.
Which of the following is an example of a synovial joint?
AIntervertebral disc
BSternomanubrial joint
CDistal tibulofibular joint
DSacroiliac joint
D
Intervetebral discs, the sternomanubrial jointand the pubic symphesis are secondary cartilaginous joints. The dital tibulofibular joint is a fibrous joint.
Regarding the deep fascia, which of the following is incorrect?
AIt is insensate
BIt is anchored firmly to the periostium
CIt is not present in the face
DIt forms the retinaculae
A
Deep fascia is very sensitive. Its nerve supply, along with the nerve supply of the subcutaneous periosteum, is that of the overlying skin. The deep fascia is always anchored to the periosteum when it passes directly over the bone. Note: The deep fascia never passes freely over bone. It is not found in the face and the ischioanal fossa.
Deep fascia is devoid of fat. The relatively unyielding deep fascia investing muscles, and especially that surrounding the fascial compartments in the limbs, limits the outward expansion of the bellies of contracting skeletal muscles
Which bone is not part of the axial skeleton?
AHyoid bone
BThoracic vertebrae
CSacrum
DScapulae
D
The skeletal system can be divided up into two functional parts: The axial skeleton and the appendicular skeleton
Axial skeleton: consists of the bones of the head (cranium), neck (hyoid bone and cervical vertebrae) and trunk (ribs, sternum, vertebrae and sacrum)
Appendicular skeleton: consists of bones of the limbs, including those forming the pectoral (shoulder) and pelvic girdles
With respect to dermatomal nerve supply, which of the following is correct?
AThe umbilicus is supplied by T12
BC7 supplies the index finger
CT6 lies at level of the nipple
DThe anterior axial line divides C6 and C7
B
Regarding myotomes, which of the following statements is correct?
AFoot inversion is L4, L5
BShoulder adduction is C5
CA myotome is a muscle supplied by single peripheral nerve
DKnee is flexion is L3,4
A
he unilateral muscle mass receiving innervation from fibres conveyed by a single spinal nerve (from the anterior ramus division) is a myotome. Knee flexion is L5, S1. Shoulder adduction and medial rotation is C6, C7, C8
The myotome of the great toe extension is
Your answer was not correct
A L4
B S2
C S1
D L5
D
L4: tibialis anterior and posterior and inversion of the foot
L5: extensor hallucis longus and extension of the great toe
S1: gastrocnemius, plantarflexion of the foot, ankle jerk
S2: small muscles of the foot
Which movement of the upper limb does not involve C6?
Your answer was correct
APronation
BSupination
CWrist extension
DShoulder adduction
A
In which ganglion do the cell bodies of afferent taste fibres of the anterior two thirds of the tongue occur?
Your answer was not correct
A Submandibular
B Genicular
C Trigeminal
D Otic
B
For general sensation (touch and temperature) the mucosa of the anterior two thirds of the tongue is supplied by the lingual nerve, a branch of CN V3- cell bodies in the trigeminal ganglion
For special sensation (taste), this part of the tongue, except for the vallate papillae, is supplied by the chorda tympani nerve, a branch of CN VII- cell bodies in the geniculate ganglion of the facial nerve.
Regarding dermatomes which of the following statements is correct?
Your answer was correct
A They do not overlap in the chest
B A dermatome is the area of skin and muscle supplied by a single spinal nerve
C A dermatome is separated from a discontinuous segment of the spinal cord by an axial line
D They overlap at axial lines
C
Which of the following dermatomes supplies the little toe?
Your answer was correct
A L5
B S1
C L4
D S2
B
egarding the Brachial plexus, which of the following statements is incorrect?
Your answer was correct
ADivisions form behind the clavicle and enter the anterior triangle
BCords embrace the 2nd part of the axillary artery
CCords enter the axilla above the first part of the axillary artery
DBranches of the cords surround the third part of axillary artery
A
Which muscle is supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve in the posterior compartment of the forearm?
Your answer was not correct
ASupinator
BExtensor carpi radialis longus (ECRL)
CBrachioradilais
DAnconeus
A
Posterior compartment of the forearm
Muscles supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8)
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Extensor digitorium
Extensor digiti minimi
Extensor carpi ulnaris
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
Extensor indicis
Supinator
Muscles supplied by the radial nerve (C5, C6)
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpii radialis longus
Anconeus
Shoulder stability in abduction is due to which of the following?
Your answer was correct
AThe glenoid labrum
BThe glenohumeral ligaments
CThe pectoralis major muscle insertion
DThe musculotendinous cuff of the rotator cuff muscles
D
Regarding the lymphatic drainage of the upper limb, which of the following is correct?
ASuperficial lymphatic drainage occurs form lymphatic plexuses in the skin of the fingers, palm and dorsum of the hand
BDeep lymphatics travel follows the superficial veins
CLymphatics of the hand drains into the central lymph nodes in the axilla
DSuperficial lymphatics follows the arteries
A
Which of the following muscles is not supplied by the posterior interosseus nerve?
Your answer was not correct
ASupinator
BBrachioradialis
CExtensor carpi ulnaris
DAbductor pollicis longus
B
The muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm supplied by the posterior interosseous nerve (C7, C8) are:
Extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor digitorium, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris, supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis. (old text book)
Note: in the current textbook-extensor carpi radilais brevis,supinator, extensor digitorium, extensor digiti minimi, extensor carpi ulnaris are supplied by the deep branch of the radial nerve
Brachioradialis and anconeus is supplied by the radial nerve (C5, C6)
Extensor carpi radialis longus by the radial nerve (C6, C7)
Anconeus is supplied by the radial nerve (C7, C8)
In the cubital fossa, which of the following is lateral to the tendon of biceps?
Your answer was correct
ABrachial artery
BMedian nerve
Cmedian cubital vein
Dradial nerve
D
The contents of the fossa, from medial to lateral side are the median nerve, brachial artery, tendons of the biceps and farther laterally the radial nerve and its posterior interosseus branch. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be direct continuation of the brachial artery and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angle
An easy way to remember the order of structures in the cubital fossa is: Really Need (radial nerve) Beer To (biceps tendon) Be At (brachial artery) My Nicest (median nerve). (from lateral to medial)
In terms of the relationship of structures within the cubital fossa, which of the following is correct?
AThe radial nerve is medial to biceps tendon
BThe ulnar artery lies superficial to the pronator teres
CThe median nerve lies lateral to the brachial artery
DThe radial artery is a direct continuation of the brachial artery
D
The contents of the cubital fossa, from medial to lateral are median nerve, brachial artery, tendon of biceps bracii, radial nerve, and posterior interosseous nerve. The cubital fossa is the triangular area between pronator teres, brachioradialis and a line joining the humeral epicondyles. The ulnar artery passes deep to the deep head of pronator teres. The brachial artery enters the cubital fossa in the midline. Halfway down the fossa, it divides into the radial and ulnar arteries. The radial artery usually appears to be the direct continuation of the brachial artery, and the bigger ulnar artery branches off at an angle.
In relation to the brachial plexus, which statement is correct?
Your answer was not correct
AThe nerve to subclavius is a branch form the trunks
BThere are 7 divisions of the trunks
CThe axillary nerve is derived from the lateral cord
DThe roots pass between the middle and posterior scalene muscles
A
he brachial plexus has 6 divisions. The nerve to subclavius arises from the trunks. The suprascapular nerve arises form the trunks. The axillary nerve is derived from the posterior cord. The 5 roots lie behind the scalenus anterior muscle and emerge between it and scalenus medius to form the trunks that cross the lower part of the posterior triangle of the neck. The divisions form behind clavicle and subclavicular, the cords in the axilla and branches in the brachium
Please be aware that old sources differ from the current. The current prescribed text it says that the nerve to subclavius originates from superior trunk (not the roots). However, in older sources, it states that the nerve to subclavius is one of the three branches from the roots. The other two are dorsal scapular and long thoracic. Suprascapular nerve arises form the trunks. (Follow the current source)
Which of the following statements is false in relation to the carpal tunnel?
Your answer was not correct
AFlexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) lies in its own synovial sheath as it passes through the tunnel
BThe tendon of palmaris longus (PL) lies above the retinaculum and is only partially attached to it
CFlexor carpi radialis (FCR) tendon runs in a subcompartment of the flexor tunnel
DFlexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) and flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) tendons lie within the same sheath at the tunnel
A
Flexor carpi ulnaris (FCU) tendon inserts into pisiform, pisohamate ligament, pisometacarpal ligament, hamate and 5th metacarpal bone
The carpal tunnel lies between the flexor retinaculum and the carpal bones. The median nerve and the flexor tendons of the fingers and thumb pass through this tunnel. The four tendons of the superficial flexor are separate and lie in two rows, with the middle and ring finger tendons in front of the index and little finger tendons. The tendons of the flexor digitorium profundus lie deeply in one plain, with only the tendon to the index finger being separate from the others, which remain attached together till they reach the palm. All eight tendons of the superficial and deep flexors share a common tendon sheath, which does not invest them completely but is reflected from their radial sides, where arteries gain access. The tendon of flexor pollices longus lies in its own synovial sheath as it passes through the fibro-osseous tunnel. At the lateral end of the tunnel a deep lamina from the flexor retinaculum is attached to the medial lip of the grove of the trapezium. The tendon of flexor carpi radialis, enclosed in its own synovial sheath runs in the groove in this subcompartment of the carpal tunnel. The median nerve passes deep to the flexor retinaculum between the flexor digitorium superficialis tendon to the middle finger and the flexor carpi radialis tendon. The ulnar nerve lies on the front of the reticulum lateral to the pisiform bone, with the ulnar artery lateral to the nerve (in the canal of Guyon)
Extra:
Carpal Tunnel lies bounded by distal carpus and transverse carpal ligament.
Contains 9 tendons (4x FDS, 4xFDP, 1xFPL) and 1 nerve (Median)
Note that palmaris longus tendon sits superficial to ligament centrally, as do FCR and FCU laterally and medially. The ulnar artery and nerve pass through Guyon’s canal superficial and lateral to transverse carpal ligament.
Which of the following is correct in relation to the radial nerve?
Your answer was not correct
ARuns with the profunda brachii in the radial groove
BGives off the posterior interosseus in the spiral groove
COccupies the entire length of the radial groove
DContains only fibers of C 5,6,7
A
It runs with the profunda brachii artery in the radial groove of the humerus. The radial nerve divides into the posterior interosseus (aka deep) and superficial branches at the level of the lateral epicondyle. The radial nerve contains fibres from C5-T1. Between the origins of the the medial and lateral heads of triceps, the radial nerve and profunda brachii artery lie in the radial groove.
