Anatomy Lecture 1 Flashcards by Michael McMahan

Principle mass of a bone: with long bones, the shaft; with vertebrae, the anterior, weight-bearing portions between interventricular discs

Body

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small, round, articular head (humerus)

capitulum

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rounded, knuckle-like articular area, often occurring in pairs

condyle

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ridge of bone

crest

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eminence superior or adjacent to a condyle

epicondyle

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smooth flat area, usually covered w cartilage where a bone articulates w another bone

facet

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usually serve protective functions (cranial bones)

flat bones

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passage through a bone

foramen

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hollow or depressed area

fossa

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elongated depresson or furrow

groove

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large, round articular end

head

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Varying shapes like bones of face

irregular bones

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Linear elevation, sometimes called a ridge

line

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Tubular bone

long bones

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rounded process

malleolus

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relatively narrow portion proximal to the head

neck

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indentation at the edge of a bone

notch

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extension or projection serving a particular purpose, having a characteristic shape, or extending in a particular direction

process

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bulge or projection of bone

protuberance

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bones that develop in certain tendons and are found where tendons cross the ends of long bones in the limbs; protect tendons from excessive wear and often change the angle of the tendons as they pass to their attachments

seasmoid bones

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the diaphysis or body of a long bone

shaft

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Cubiodial and are found only in the tarsus

short bones

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thorn-like process

spine

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large blunt elevation

trochanter

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spool-like articular process or process that acts as a pulley

trochlea

small raised eminence

tubercle

large rounded elevation

tuberosity

divides body into left and right sections passing longitudinally through the midlines of the head, neck, and trunk

median plane

vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane

sagittal plane

vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to median plane, dividing the body into the anterior and posterior parts

front (coronal) plane

horizontal planes passing through the body at right angles to the median and frontal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior parts

transverse plane

structure that is nearer the vertex (topmost part of cranium)

superior

structure nearer to the sole of the foot

inferior

towards the feet or tail region

caudal

back surface of the body

posterior

front surface of body

front part of brain

rostral

structure nearer to the median plane of body

medial

structure further away from median plane of body

lateral

superior aspect of any part that protrudes anteriorly from the body

dorsum

nearer to the feet and median plane

inferomedial

nearer to the head and farther away from the median plane

superolateral

outside of or further away from the center of an organ or cavity

external

closer to the center of an organ or cavity

internal

closer to the body when referring to an attachment or limb

proximal

further away from the main body when referring to limbs or attachments

distal

paired structures having left and right membranes

bilateral

paired structures occurring on one side only

unilateral

occurring on the opposite side of the body relative to another

contralateral

occurring on the same side of the body as another structure

ipsilateral

bending or decreasing the angle between the bones or parts of the body

flexion

straightening or increasing the angle between the bones or other body parts

extension

flexion at the ankle joint

dorsiflexion

bends the foot and toes toward the ground

plantarflexion

extension of a limb or part beyond the normal limit

hyperextension

means moving away from away from the median plane (except for digits)

abduction

means moving toward the median plane (except for digits)

adduction

circular movement that involves sequential flexion, abduction, extension, and adduction in such a way that the distal end of the part moved in a circle

circumduction

involves turning or revolving a part of the body around its longitudinal axis

rotation

rotates the radius medially so that the palm of the hand faces posteriorly

pronation

rotating radius laterally and up tossing the ulna

supanation

moves sole of the foot away from the median plane turning the sole laterally

eversion

moves the sole of foot toward median plane turning sole medially

inversion

movement by which the pad of the 1st digit is brought to another digit pad

opposition

movement of 1st digit from opposition back to its anatomical position

reposition

movement forward (anteriorly) as in mandible

protrusion

movement posteriorly or backwards as in mandible

retrusion

raises or moves parts superiorly

elevation

lowers or moves parts inferiorly

depression

united by a joint capsule spanning and enclosing a joint or articulate cavity (most common)

synovial joints

united by fibrous tissue and movement depends on length of fibers

fibrous joint

united by hyaline cartilage or fibrocartilage

cartilaginous joint

permit gliding or sliding movements in the plane of articular surfaces

plane joints

permit flexion and extension only; movements occur in one plane around a single axis that runs transversely (uniaxial)

hinge joints

permit abduction and adduction as well as flexion and extension; biaxial movements

saddle joints

permit flexion and extension as well as abduction and adduction and circumduction

condyloid joints

allow movements in multiple axes and planes; flexion/extension, abduction/adduction, medial/lateral rotation, and circumduction; multiaxial

ball and socket joints

permit rotation around a central axis; uniaxial

pivot joints

considers the organization of body as major parts/segments and focuses only on a specific part, area, or region; examining arrangement and relationships of the various systemic structures within it

regional anatomy

study of the body's organ systems that work together to carry out complex functions

systemic anatomy

emphasizes aspects of bodily structure and function; incorporates regional and systemic and stresses clinical application; often involves inverting or reverting the thought process

clinical anatomy

outer connective tissue layer or sheath of blood vessels

tunica adventitia

middle layer of blood vessels consisting primarily of smooth muscle

tunica media

inner lining of blood vessels consisting of extremely flattened epithelial cells (endothelium) supported by delicate connective tissue

tunica intima