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Gross Anatomy > Anatomy lecture 1: Intro to Anatomy > Flashcards

Anatomy lecture 1: Intro to Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Sagittal Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides body into R and L halves. Midsagittal: equal halves. Parasagittal= unequal.

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2
Q

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

A

Vertical plane that divides body into anterior/posterior.

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3
Q

Transverse (axial) Plane

A

Horizontal plane that divides the body into superior/inferior. Sometimes called cross sections.

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4
Q

Functions of Skin (4)

A

1) Protection: against abrasion, serves as an immune response, and prevents dehydration
2) Temperature Regulation: Vasodilation, vasoconstriction, fat storage, or activation of sweat glands
3) Sensation
- Mechanoreceptors=touch
- Nociceptors=Pain
- Thermorecptors=Temp
4) Exocrine Secretions: sweat & Sebum

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5
Q

Skin Layers

A

1) Epidermis: outer protective layer consists of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium (non-vascular).
2) Dermis: Dense connective/fibrous layer that gives skin thickness and support (vascular).

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6
Q

Fascia

A

CT sheet (may contain variable amnts. of fat) interconnects structures, provides conduit for vessles and nerves and provides sheath around structures to lessen friction.

Superficial: attached to and lies beneath dermis as a cushion.
Deep: Attached to deep surface of superficial fascia and ensheathes muscles.

(for Ref. epidermis -> dermis -> fat layer -> superficial fascia -> deep reticular fibers of skin -> deep Fascia -> Muscle)

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7
Q

Bone Shapes & Examples

A

1) Long- humerus/femur
2) Short-carpals
3) Flat (parietal/skull)
4) Irregular (vertebrae)
5) Sesamoid (patella)

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8
Q

Condyle

A

Rounded articulate surface covers with articular (hyaline) cartilage

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9
Q

Crest

A

Ridge of a bone

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10
Q

Epicondyle

A

prominent ridge or eminence superior to condyle

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11
Q

Facet

A

Flat, smooth, articular surface usually covered with hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Fissure

A

Very narrow, slit like opening in bone

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13
Q

Foramen

A

Round or oval hole in bone for passage of another structure

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14
Q

Fossa

A

Cup like depression in bone usually for articulation with another bone

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15
Q

Groove

A

Furrow in the bone

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16
Q

Line

A

Fine linear ridge of bone (less prominent than crest)

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17
Q

Malleolus

A

Rounded eminence

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18
Q

Meatus

A

Passageway or canal in bone

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19
Q

Process

A

Bony prominence that may be sharp or blunt

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20
Q

Ramus

A

Thin part of bone that joins a thicker process of same bone.

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21
Q

Spine

A

Sharp process projecting from a bone

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22
Q

Trochanter

A

large, blunt process for muscle, tendon, or ligament attachment

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23
Q

Tubercle

A

Small, elevated process

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24
Q

Tuberosity

A

large, rounded eminence that may be course or rough

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25
Joint types (3)
Fibrous, Cartilagenous, synovial
26
Fibrous (synarthroses) Joint
Bones joined by fibrous connective tissue (i.e. flat bones of skull)
27
Cartilaginous (amphiarthroses)
Bones joined by cartilage or by cartilage and fibrous tissues (i.e. growth plates)
28
Synovial (Diarthroses)
*most common, bones joined by cavity filled with synovial fluid & surrounded by capsule.
29
Types of synovial joints (6)
hinge, pivot, saddle, condyloid, plane, ball & socket
30
Hinge Joint (ginglymus)
synovial joint that moves on ONE axis for flexion and extension
31
Pivot Joint (torchlit)
synovial joint that moves on ONE axis for rotation
32
Saddle Joint
synovial joint that moves on TWO axis for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
33
Plane Joint (gliding)
synovial joint for gliding movements
34
Condyloid Joint (ellipsoid)
synovial joint that moves on TWO axis flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and circumduction
35
Ball and Socket Joint (spheroid)
multi-axial joints for flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, mediolateral rotation and circumduction
36
Muscle Types (3)
Cardiac, smooth, skeletal
37
Skeletal Muscle
striated fibers attached to bone to move skeleton
38
Cardiac Muscle
Striated fibers that make up walls of heart and proximal portions of veins. involuntary, striated discs.
39
Smooth Muscle
nonstriated, line various organ systems
40
Origin
Skeletal muscle attachment: fixed/proximal attachment
41
Insertion
muscles *movable/distal attachment (NOT always the most mobile but rule of thumb)
42
Ligament
Connects bone to bone
43
Bursa
lubricated cushions located at points of friction between bone and surrounding soft tissue
44
Blood vessel types (4)
Arteries, veins, venules, portal venous system
45
Arteries
Carry blood away from the heart (oxygenated *except pulmonary)
46
Veins
Carry blood back to heart (de-oxygenated *except pulmonary)
47
Venules
Very small veins that collect blood from capillary beds
48
Portal Venous systems
Transport blood between 2 capillary beds (I.e. Hepatic portal system)
49
Blood Flow Circulation
Superior & Inferior Vena Cava -> R atrium -> Tricuspid valve -> R ventricle -> Pulmonary valve -> Pulmonary artery -> lungs -> L atrium -> Bicuspid/mitral valve -> L Ventricle -> aortic valve -> Aorta -> body
50
Lymph
Watery fluid resembles plasma but contains fewer proteins and may contain fat, together with cells (lymphocytes and a few RBCs)
51
Lymphocytes
cellular components of lymph (T and B cells
52
Lymph Vessels
network of vessels and capillaries that transport lymph
53
Lymphoid organs
collections of lymphoid tissue, including lymph nodes, aggreagtes of lymphoid tissue along respiratory and GI , tonsils, thymus, spleen, and bone marrow
54
Lymphatic Drainage
75-80% lymph collects in THORACIC DUCT for delivery back to venous system R LYMPHATIC DUCT- drains RUQ of body Lymph nodes strategically placed to filter lymph as it moves toward venous system.
55
CNS
Brain and spinal chord
56
PNS
somatic, autonomic, enteric nerves in periphery
57
Neurons
Nerve Cells information comes across synapses and enter axons synapses occur on dendrited or soma (cell body)
58
Types of neurons (3)
1. Motor (somatic [skeletal] or visceral [smooth/cardiac]) **Efferent 2. Sensory: convert *Afferent impulses from peripheral receptors to CNS (Somatic [paint, temp, touch, pressure, proprioception] or visceral [pain/nauseau]) 3. Interneurons: convey impulses between sensory and motor neurons in CNS *99% of all neruons
59
Glial Cells
support neruons in CNS and PNS
60
Types of Glial cells (5)
Astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, ependymal cells, schwan cells
61
Astrocytes
glial cell that is most numerous. physical and metabolic support for CNS neurons, can become reactive during CNS injury. Release growth factors and other bioactive molecules and contribute to formation od BBB.
62
Oligodendrocytes
form and maintain myelin in CNS
63
Microglia
smallest and rare. phagocytic cells that participate in inlammatory responses. remodel and remove synapses and response to injury.
64
Ependymal Cells
line ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord. Contain CSF
65
Schwann Cells
glial cells of PNS: surround all axons and provide trophic suppors, facilitate regrowth of PNS axons and clean away cellular debris.
66
Peripheral Nerve Structure
consist of fibers with axons (efferent and afferent) separated by schwaan cells or myelinated by a multilayered wrapping of continuous schwann cell membrane (myelin sheath) - Endoneurium: thin sleeve surrounds axons and schwaan cells - Perineurium: dense layer encirbles a bundle of nerve fibers (fascile) - Epineruium: outer thick seath that encirclbes bundles of fascles *can be see grossly
67
Meninges
1) Dura Matter: thick, outtermost, rich in sensory nerve fibers 2) Arachnoid Matter: finer, web like avascular membrane (beneath dura) ~subarachnoid space with CSF~ 3) Pia: delicate membrane of CT that intimatels envelopes brain and spinal cord
68
Cranial Nerve I
olfactory
69
Cranial Nerve II
Optic
70
Cranial Nerve III
oculomotor
71
Cranial Nerve IV
trochlear (extra occular muscles)
72
Cranial Nerve V
trigeminal (sensory face)
73
Cranial Nerve VI
Abducens (extra occular muscles)
74
Cranial Nere VII
Facial (muscles)
75
Cranial Nerve VIII
Vestibulocochlear (auditory)
76
Cranial Nerve IX
Glossopharyngeal (taste, sensory, motor)
77
Cranial Nerve X
Vagus (motor, sensory)
78
Cranial Nerve XI
Accessory (sternoclydemastoid, Trapezius)
79
Cranial Nerve XII
Hypoglossal (tongue)
80
Spinal cord
31 pairs of nerves, form 2 branches (rami)
81
Dorsal Ramus
branch of nerves dorsal to back, conveys motor and sensory information to and from skin and intrinsic back muscles
82
Anterior Ramus
branch of nerves larger than dorsal ramus, laterally and ventrally innervates all remaining skin and skeletal muscles of neck, limbs, and trunk
83
Cervical spinal nerves
8
84
thoracic spinal nerves
12
85
lumbar spinal nerves
5
86
sacral spinal nerves
5
87
coccyx spinal nerves
1
88
PNS
Somatic NS: sensory and motor fibers to skin, skeletal muscles, and joints Autonomic: sensory and motor fibers to all smooth muscle and glands Enteric: plexuses and ganglia of GI tract that regulate bowel secretion, absorption, and motility
89
Dermatome
unilateral area of skin innervated by somatic sensory fibers from a single spinal cord level is
90
ANS divisons
sympathetic, parasympathetic
91
sympathetic
thoraculoumbar division Preganglionic neurons exit T1-L2 spinal cord in anterior root -> spinal nerve -> via white ramus communicans at sympathetic chain (runs form base of skull to coccyx) -adrenergic (acetylcholine or norepinephrine) = fight or flight response
92
parasympathetic
craniosacral division Preganglionic neurons from CN III, VII, IX, X and sacral at S2-S4 cholinergic neurones, acetylcholine is primary NTMS rest and digest

Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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