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Gross Anatomy > Lecture 2: intro to radiology > Flashcards

Lecture 2: intro to radiology Flashcards

1
Q

Interworking of X-Rays

A

XR tube, beam, and film used to create X-ray

Xray photons released from behind tube and strike film behind it

X rays may be absorbed or scattered

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2
Q

Radiopaque (xray image)

A

Dense metal or bone shows up more white on x ray

*atomic weight of target plays role in density

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3
Q

Radiolucent (xray image)

A

skin and fat appear more gray or black on x ray

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4
Q

Affect of distance on Xray

A

closer to film, better the picture.

Larger distance from film will warp imaging.

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5
Q

X ray view: AP

A

Anterior-Posterior (front to back)

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6
Q

X ray View: Lateral

A

side to side

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7
Q

X ray view: PA

A

Posterior to anterior (front to back)

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8
Q

Advantages of Xray (7)

A 
Fast, inexpensive, readily available
provides global view of area being examined
low risk of adverse effects
minimal pt prep
no sedation required
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9
Q

Disadvantages of Xray (3)

A

insensitive and non-specific
image is affected by positioning
2D image
not all structures can be seen (gas and feces and affect image)

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10
Q

CT scan

A

*computed tonography
Uses several x-ray images and converts them into pictures
Used digital geometry processing to create 3D images
CT scanner emits series of narrow beams through the body, producing more detail than single beam from xray

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11
Q

Spiral CT

A

machine moves continuously around the body in a spiral, creating cross sectional images of body
able to detect small abdominal areas with precision

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12
Q

Helical CT

A

patient transported continuously through gantry while data are acquired during sevral 360 scans

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13
Q

Axial (CT view)

A

top to bottom

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14
Q

Coronal (CT view)

A

front to back

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15
Q

Sagital (CT view)

A

side to side

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16
Q

When to use CT… (5)

A

1) Rule out stroke (non contrast headCT)
2) detect internal injuries and bleeding
3) Diagnose bone disorders such as bone tumors and fractures
4) detect and monitor diseases and conditions such as cancer, heart disease, lung nodules, and lung masses
5) guide procedures such a sx, bx, and radiation therapy

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17
Q

Advantage of CT (5)

A

Readily available
Quick and painless
Shows bone changes better than any other method
only method to provide detailed images of bone, soft, tissue, and blood vessles
Can detect life threatening conditions

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18
Q

Disadvantage of CT (6)

A

exposure to radiation, allergies to contrast materials, more expensive than x ray, misinterpreted test results, limitations, unsuitable for pregnant women (unless dire situation)
***CT radiation exposure known to have enough radiation to increase cancer risks

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19
Q

MRI

A

Magnetic field used to align H protons in body

Radio frequency waves absorbed by protons and emitted as a signal

radio frequency currency coil picks up the signal and transmit it

computer processes data and an image is generated

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20
Q

MRI safety

A

MAGNET ALWAYS ON

  • all implants must be checked before entering MRI
  • patients with pacemakers and coclear implants must not have MRI or even enter room
  • Medication pathced can cause burns
  • ALL foreign objects must be checked by a tech
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21
Q

QUENCH

A

emergency shut down of MRI

22
Q

When to use MRI (7)

A

abnormalities in brain and spinal cord

tumors, cysts, and other abnormalities in various parts of body

injuries or abnormalities in joints and soft tissues

some heart problems

Diseases of liver and abdominal organs

pelvic pain in women

breast cancer screenings

23
Q

Coronal MRI views

A

front to back

24
Q

Axial

A

top bottom

25
sagital
side to side
26
Advantages of MRI (4)
No radiation involved (more suitable for children and pregnant women) painless provides detailed pictures of most of the important organs and tissues in the body non negatilve long term effects
27
Disadvantages of MRI (4)
powerful magnet attracts metal objects expensive loud-may cause hearing impairment very lengthy- difficult to hold still
28
Ultrasound
involves exposing part of body to high frequency waves to produce pictures inside the body Does not use ionizing radiation Captured in real time- it can show the structure and movement of the body's internal organs as well blood flowing throgh the vessels
29
When to use Ultrasound (5)
Can help diagnose a variety of conditions and assess organ damage following illness Guise to procedures such as needle biopsies and joint injections image the breasts and to guide bx of breast cancer Diagnose a variety of heart conditions and assess damage after heart attack or diagnose vascular disease (echocardiogram) OBGYN studies
30
Advantages of ulstrasound (6)
Most US scanning is non-invasive and usually painless widely available, less expesnive than other testing and easy to use Clear picture of soft tissue that does not show up on Xray Pref. for imaging, dx, and monitoring pregnant women. can evaluate blood flow Real time imaging
31
Disadvantage of US (6)
quality depends on expertise of operator anotomical detail is poor bc of low resolution cannot evaluate bones, lung, or bowel images poor in obese patients images are poor when air or gas is present small field of view
32
Urography
imagining and contrast material to evaluate or detect blood in urine, kidney, or bladder stones and cancer in urinary tract
33
Angiography
Detects aneurysm or blockage of vessel angiogram uses radiopaque substance to make blood vessels visible under x-ray MRA, MRV, areMR studies of arterial and venous flow Helps guide interventional radiotlogiss and surgeons in repair of diseased blood vessles
34
Types angiography
x-ray-fluoroscopic, 3D CT-COW, MRA-COW, MRV-Sinus Flow
35
Myelography
special spinal cord x-ray examination used to help determine cause of pain, numbness, and/or weakness in back, arms, or legs. contrast medium is injected into the spinal canal under x ray guidance to provide the spinal cord and nerve roots. series of x ray then taken. My be perfomred along with other tests like MRI, CT, and regular spinal xray films Can help find cause of pain that cannot be ofund by other tests
36
When to order myelogram (6)
previous spine surgery narrowing of spinal canal tumor of infection causing problems with spinal cord or nerve roots spinal disc that ruptured inflammation of membrane that covers the brain and spinal cord problems with blood vessels to the spine
37
Arthrogram
MRI w/ contrast injected into joint prior to imagine order when suspect labral tears and when patients have ad previous surgery on joint
38
Sialography
Glands?
39
Contrast Media (6)
Barium, Air, Gastrografin, CO2, iodine, gadolinium
40
Barium
*contrast Media used in fluorscopic procedures (upper and lower GI)
41
Air
*contrast media used in barium lower GI studies "Double contrast" study comes from intriducing barium unto the colon and then puffs of air to show the different contrast of the bowel
42
Gastrografin
*contrast media used in fluoroscopic and CT procedures (Upper and lower GI) used over barium if a suspected bowl perforation. iodine base.
43
CO2 (3)
1) negative contrast agent in that is displaces blood when injected intravenously. 2) has a role in angiography, low risk as it is natural product (no risk of allergic rxn). 3) **can only be used below diaphragm as there is a risk of embolism in neruvascular structures. also must be used carefully to avoid contamination with room air when injected.
44
Iodinated contrast
* contrast media used in x-ray and CT procedures. can be oil based or water souble. - oil based is slowly absorbed by body and only used in sliographis and hysterosalpingographic exams. - ionic- most commonly used. can cause severe allergies. - non-ionic organic compound, not used often due to cost. not as many rxns.
45
Gadolinium
*contrast media used in MRI. iron base contrast.
46
Barium Rxns (5)
stomach cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, and constipation | *usually avoided if patients increase fluid intake after procedure
47
Iodinated contrast adverse Rxns
IV reaction is most comon -mild: nausea, vomiting, headache, itching, flushing, rash, hives - Medium: severe skin rash or hives, wheezing, abnormal heart rhythms, increased/decreased BP, difficulty breathing - Severe: difficulty breathing, cardiac arrest, swelling of throat or other parts of body, convulsions, extremely low BP
48
Gadolinium rxns
1-5% patientes experience brief headache, naseua, or dizzyness. Symptoms pass 5-10 minutes of administrations -period of developing nephrogenic systemic fibrosis can occur for some patients if proper protocol is not followed **imperative that patients with a hx of kidney or liver disease, diabetes, HBP or over age of 60 obtain recent creatinine level so that the tech and caclulate GFR (glomerular filtration rate) for patient.
49
Contrast Rxn treatment
- ABCs: assess airways, breathing, and circulation - ACLS: ? - stop infusion immediatley - anaphylactoid rxns= SQ epi, O2, IV fluids, antihistamines - mild: benedryl 150mg and observation
50
interventional Radiology
specialized field where doctors interpret medical images and also perform minimally invasive surgical procedures transcatheter embolization, trans jugular intrahepatic portosystemic shunt, percutaneous aspiration needle bx of thorax/abdomen, percutaneous abcesses drainage, CT guided/ ultrasound guided LP (lumbar puncture) and others!

Gross Anatomy (14 decks)

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