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Y3 Neurology > Anatomy Lecture 1 PNS > Flashcards

Anatomy Lecture 1 PNS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

Neurones

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2
Q

Define a nucleus

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS

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3
Q

Define a ganglion

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS

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4
Q

What is the function of the dendrite?

A

Increases the surface area to receive and conduct information towards the nerve cell body

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5
Q

What is the function of the nerve axon?

A

Conducts information away from the cell body towards other neurones or effectors

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6
Q

Name the myelin sheath in the PNS

A

Schwann cell

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7
Q

Name the myelin sheath in the CNS

A

Oligodendrocyte

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8
Q

What is the commonest type of neurone?

A

Multipolar

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9
Q

Where are multipolar neurons

A

ANS and skeletal muscle motor neurones

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10
Q

What is a mutlipolar neurone?

A

Has 2 + dendrites

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11
Q

What is a unipolar neurone?

A

Has a double process

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12
Q

What is a unipolar neurone also called?

A

Pseudounipolar or sensory

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13
Q

Is a cell body in the CNS a multipolar or unipolar neurone?

A

Multipolar

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14
Q

Is a cell body in the PNS a multipolar or unipolar neurone?

A

Unipolar

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15
Q

In the ANS, where is the nerve cell body of the 1st presynaptic (preganglionic) neurone located?

A

In the grey matter of the CNS

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16
Q

In the ANS, where is the nerve cell body of the postsynaptic (postganglionic) neurone located?

A

In autonomic ganglia in the PNS

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17
Q

Define a nerve

A

Collections of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels in the PNS

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18
Q

What is a nerve referred to in the CNS?

A

Tract

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19
Q

Are tracts in the CNS more often single or mixed modality?

A

Single modality

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20
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31

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21
Q

How many spinal nerves are there in each vertebral segment?

A 
8 cervical
12 thoracic
5 lumbar
5 sacral
1 coccygeal
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22
Q

Which structure of a vertebrae conveys spinal nerves?

A

Intervertebral foramen

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23
Q

Where do spinal nerves become called the anterior and posterior ramus?

A

Beyond the intervertebral foramen

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24
Q

Are the anterior or posterior rami larger?

A

Anterior rami

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25
Q

What is innervated by the posterior ramus?

A

Back of body wall

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26
Q

Are spinal nerves sensory or motor?

A

Trick question, spinal nerves are all mixed modality

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27
Q

What modality is contained within anterior rootlets?

A

Somatic and / or autonomic motor fibres

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28
Q

What modality is contained within posterior rootlets?

A

Sensory information

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29
Q

What modality is contained within the rami of spinal nerves?

A

Always mixed modality

30
Q

What path do sensory axons follow to reach the spinal cord?

A

Spinal nerve to
Posterior root to
Posterior rootlets to
Posterior horn of spinal cord

31
Q

What path do motor axons follow to reach spinal nerves?

A

Anterior horn of spinal cord to
Anterior rootlets to
Anterior roots to
Spinal nerve

32
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Location of cell bodies of primary afferent neurones

33
Q

What axon modality is never contained within spinal nerves?

A

Parasympathetic fibres

34
Q

What axon modalities does every spinal nerve pair supply a body segment with?

A

General sensory
Somatic motor
Sympathetic (to skin and arteriole smooth muscle)

35
Q

Define a dermatome

A

Area of skin supplied with sensory innervation from a single spinal nerve

36
Q

Define a myotome

A

The skeletal muscles supplied with motor innervation from a single spinal nerve

37
Q

What dermatome map is used in Dundee?

A

Foerster map

38
Q

What dermatome is the male nipple?

A

T4 segment

39
Q

What dermatome is the umbilicus?

A

T10 segment

40
Q

What dermatome is the upper limb?

A

C5 -T1

41
Q

What dermatome is the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum?

A

L2 - Co1

42
Q

What dermatome is the posterior scalp, neck and shoulder?

A

C2 - C4

43
Q

What is the clinical importance of dermatomes?

A

For testing function of spinal nerves

44
Q

“Intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves” is the definition of what?

A

Nerve plexus

45
Q

What level are the spinal nerves of the cervical plexus (for the posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm)?

A

C1 - C4

46
Q

What level are the spinal nerves of the brachial plexus (for the upper limb)?

A

C5 - T1

47
Q

What level are the spinal nerves of the lumbar plexus (for lower limb)?

A

L1 - L4

48
Q

What level are the spinal nerves of the sacral plexus (for the lower limb, gluteal region and perineum)?

A

L5 - S4

49
Q

Where does sympathetic outflow exit the spinal cord?

A

With T1 - L2 spinal nerves

50
Q

After leaving the spinal cord, where do sympathetic nerve fibres go?

A

Into the anterior and posterior rami of all spinal nerves

51
Q

What structures do sympathetic nerve fibres supply to maintain sympathetic tone?

A

Sweat glands, skin arrector muscles, arterioles

52
Q

What is significant about the T1 - L2 vertebral of the spinal cord in relation to sympathetic outflow?

A

Have lateral horns

for the cell bodies of the next sympathetic neurone in the chain

53
Q

Where do presynaptic sympathetic axons synapse before supplying the heart?

A

T1 or cervical paravertebral ganglia

54
Q

Where do presynaptic sympathetic axons synapse before supplying the lungs?

A

Upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia

55
Q

Where do postsynaptic sympathetic axons pass into, to supply the heart and lungs?

A

Cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves

56
Q

Where do presynaptic sympathetic axons synapse before supplying abdominopelvic organs?

A

Prevertebral ganglia

57
Q

Name the prevertebral ganglion that supplies the foregut

A

Celiac ganglion

58
Q

Name the prevertebral ganglion that supplies the kidney

A

Aorticorenal ganglion

59
Q

Name the prevertebral ganglion that supplies the midgut

A

Superior mesenteric ganglion

60
Q

Name the prevertebral ganglion that supplies the hindgut and pelvic / perineal organs

A

Inferior mesenteric ganglion

61
Q

Where do sympathetic axons synapse to supply the adrenaline and noradrenaline secreting cells of the adrenal medulla

A

Directly onto the cells (but pass through the aorticorenal ganglion)

62
Q

How do parasympathetic presynaptic axons leave the CNS

A

Via sacral spinal nerves and CNIII, CNVII, CNIX, CNX

63
Q

What structures in the head are supplied by parasympathetics?

A

Eye, lacrimal glands, salivary glands

64
Q

How far in the GI tract does CNX supply?

A

Midgut

65
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres synapse when supplying the eye?

A

Ciliary ganglion

66
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres synapse when supplying the parotid gland?

A

Otic ganglion

67
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres synapse when supplying the lacrimal gland?

A

Pterygopalatine ganglion

68
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres synapse when supplying the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands?

A

Submandibular ganglion

69
Q

Where do parasympathetic fibres synapse when supplying organs of the chest and abdomen as far as the midgut?

A

Directly on the organ they’re supplying

70
Q

REMEMBER CRANIAL NERVE BRAINSCAPE (also part of PNS)

A

PLZ

71
Q

What vertebral level does the carotid birfurcate?

A

C4

Y3 Neurology (23 decks)

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