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Y3 Neurology > SOLs / Tumours > Flashcards

SOLs / Tumours Flashcards

1
Q

Is a haematoma a SOL?

A

yes

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2
Q

Is an aneurysm a SOL?

A

no (according to a pathologist in a tutorial)

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3
Q

What symptoms are red flags for brain tumours?

A

headache that wakes you up + papilloedema + N&V

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4
Q

Commonest type of brain tumour?

A

met

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5
Q

What tumours metastasise to the brain?

A

breast, bronchus, kidney, melanoma, thyroid, colon

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6
Q

What is the commonest primary brain tumour?

A

glioblastoma multiforme GBM

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7
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a glioma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

intrinsic

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8
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a meningioma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic

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9
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a medulloblastoma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

intrinsic

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10
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a schwanomma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic

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11
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a craniopharyngioma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic

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12
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a ependymoma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

intrinsic

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13
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a oligodendroglioma intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

intrinsic

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14
Q

Brain tumours can be categorised to intrinsic and extrinsic. Is a germ cell embryonal tumour intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinisc

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15
Q

Name the types of gliomas

A

astrocytoma
oligodendroglioma
ependymoma

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16
Q

Where are oligodendrogliomas most commonly found?

A

frontal lobe

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17
Q

How do oligodendrogliomas most commonly present?

A

seizures

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18
Q

Peak age range of oligodendrogliomas

A

25-45yr

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19
Q

Oligodendrogliomas are chemosensitive. T or F

A

T

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20
Q

What is the commonest brain tumour in children

A

medulloblastoma

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21
Q

Where are medulloblastomas most commonly found

A

cerebellum (infratentorial)

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22
Q

Are medulloblastomas malignant?

A

medulloblastoms are always malignant

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23
Q

What sign in a child should make you suspicious of a cerebellar medulloblastoma?

A

tiptoeing

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24
Q

Management of medulloblastomas

A

radiotherapy + surgery

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25
Q

Are pituitary tumours intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic

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26
Q

Are pineal tumours intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

extrinsic

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27
Q

What age range are pineal tumours most common in?

A

children

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28
Q

What cell type do meningiomas arise from?

A

arachnoid cap mesenchymal cells

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29
Q

Peak age range of meningiomas

A

60-70yr

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30
Q

What condition is associated with meningiomas

A

NFT2

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31
Q

Risk factor for meningiomas

A

PMH radiation

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32
Q

Gender meningiomas are most common in

A

F

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33
Q

Management of meningiomas

A

radio + surgery

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34
Q

Peak age range of embryonal germ cell brain tumours

A

10-12yr

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35
Q

Gender embryonal germ cell tumours are most common in

A

M

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36
Q

Imaging modality of choice for embryonal germ cell tumours

A

CT

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37
Q

Most germ cell embryonal tumours are radiosensitive. T or F

A

T

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38
Q

What tumour marker do germinoma type germ cell embryonal tumours secrete?

A

LDH

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39
Q

What tumour marker do yolk sac type germ cell embryonal tumours secrete?

A

AFP

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40
Q

What tumour marker do choriocarcinoma type germ cell embryonal tumours secrete?

A

beta-HCG

41
Q

What condition is associated with acoustic neuromas?

A

NFT2

42
Q

Presentation of acoustic neuromas

A

decreased hearing
tinnitus
nystagmus
absent corneal reflex

43
Q

Complication of acoustic neuromas

A

VII palsy

44
Q

Peak age range of craniopharyngiomas

A

children

45
Q

What brain structure do craniopharyngiomas arise from?

A

pituitary stalk

46
Q

What visual field defect can craniopharyngiomas cause?

A

bitemporal hemianopia

47
Q

Describe the headache cause by a brain tumour

A

wakes you up
worse in the morning
worse lying down/ coughing

48
Q

What ‘preterminal’ set of symptoms can arise from raised intracranial pressure in SOLs

A

Cushing’s triad

49
Q

What sign should make you suspect Cushing’s triad

A

raised blood pressure

50
Q

Do tumours of the cerebral hemispheres cause contralateral or ipsilateral signs?

A

contralateral

51
Q

Do tumours of the cerebellum cause contralateral or ipsilateral signs?

A

ipsilateral

52
Q

What indirect effects can frontal lobe tumours have due to their proximity to other brain structures?

A

visual field defect

anosmia

53
Q

What visual field defect would a temporal lobe tumour cause

A

superior quadrantopia

pie in the sky

54
Q

What visual field defect would a parietal lobe tumour cause

A

inferior quadrantopia

55
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause visual hallucinations

A

occipital

56
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause urinary incontinence

A

frontal

57
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause a receptive dysphagia

A

temporal

58
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause epilepsy

A

temporal

59
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause a contralateral homonymous hemianopia

A

occipital

60
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause an expressive dysphagia

A

frontal lobe

61
Q

A tumour in which lobe could effect the grasp reflex

A

frontal

62
Q

A tumour in which lobe could R-L disorientation

A

parietal

63
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause hearing problems

A

temporal

64
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause dyscalcia, dysphaxia, agraphia or/and agnosia

A

parietal

65
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause cognitive slwoing

A

frontal

66
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause weakness and motor problems

A

frontal

67
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause neglect (thinking contralateral world doesn’t exist)

A

parietal

68
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause disinhibition

A

frontal

69
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause sensory problems

A

parietal

70
Q

A tumour in which lobe could cause apathy

A

frontal

71
Q

Presentation of a cerebellar tumour

A 
ataxia
intention tremor
N&V
dizziness
staccato speech
nystagmus
hypotonia
dysdiadochokinesia
72
Q

How would a midline cerebellar tumour present?

A

widebased truncal ataxia, fall standing

73
Q

Commonest cause of a bilateral cerebellar disturbance

A

alcohol

74
Q

How would a lesion of the basal ganglia present?

A

changed tone, dyskinesia, tremor, chorea, myoclonus

75
Q

What is the WHO grade I of brain tumours?

A

no histological features

76
Q

What is the WHO grade II of brain tumours?

A

atypia alone

77
Q

What is the WHO grade III of brain tumours?

A

atypia + mitosis

78
Q

What is the WHO grade IV of brain tumours?

A

atypia + mitosis + vascular proliferation + necrosis

79
Q

Gold standard imaging choice for brain tumours

A

MRI

80
Q

Management of hydrocephalus from brain tumours

A

VP shunt

81
Q

What is the name of a grade I astrocytoma

A

pilocytic

82
Q

Commonest age range for pilocytic grade I astrocytomas

A

child/ young adult

83
Q

Commonest location of grade I pilocytic astrocytomas?

A

cerebellum

84
Q

What condition is associated with grade I pilocytic astrocytomas?

A

NFT1

85
Q

Are grade I pilocytic astrocytomas benign or malignant?

A

benign

86
Q

Commonest location of grade II astrocytomas?

A

cerebral hemispheres

87
Q

Commonest age range for grade II astrocytomas

A

young adult

88
Q

Commonest presenting complaint of grade II astrocytomas?

A

seizures

89
Q

Are grade II astrocytomas benign or malignant?

A

pre-malignant

90
Q

What is the name of a grade III astrocytoma

A

anaplastic

91
Q

Are grade III anaplastic astrocytomas benign or malignant?

A

malignant

92
Q

Commonest location of grade III anaplastic astrocytomas?

A

cerebral hemispheres

93
Q

What do grade III anaplastic astrocytomas become?

A

grade IV glioblastomas

94
Q

Prognosis of a grade III anaplastic astrocytomas?

A

2 yr

95
Q

Commonest age range for grade IV astrocytomas aka glioblastoma

A

60-70yr

96
Q

Prognosis of a grade IV astrocytoma glioblastoma?

A

less than 1 year

97
Q

Commonest location of grade IV astrocytoma glioblastoma?

A

cerebral hemispheres

98
Q

Management of a grade IV astrocytoma glioblastoma?

A

surgery + external beam radio +- chemo

to improve QOL not treatment

99
Q

What sign is seen on MRI in grade IV astrocytoma glioblastoma?

A

butterfly

Y3 Neurology (23 decks)

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