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Anatomy - Principles > Anatomy: Lecture 10 - Intestines > Flashcards

Anatomy: Lecture 10 - Intestines Flashcards

0
Q

What does the Upper GI Tract comprise of?

A

Oral Cavity
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Oesophagus

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1
Q

What is the GI Tract?

A

A continuous hollow tube from the oral cavity to the Anus. Lined by specialised mucosae

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the Stomach?

A

Defence - stomach acid
Digestion
Absorption

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3
Q

What is the purpose of the small intestine?

A

Digestion and absorption of nutrients.

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4
Q

What does the lower GI Tract compose of?

A 
Caecum 
Appendix 
Colon
Rectum 
Anal canal
Anus
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5
Q

What is the function of the lower GI Tract

A

Defence - via commensal bacteria

Absorption - H20 and electrolytes

Excretion and formation of stool

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6
Q

What types of intestines are there?

A

Small intestine

Large Intestine

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7
Q

How long is the small intestine?

A

It is 7 meters long

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8
Q

What does the small intestine comprise of?

A

(From Proximal to distal)
The Duodenum
The Jejunum
The Ileum

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9
Q

What does the large intestine comprise of?

A

The Colon
The Rectum
The Anal Canal
The Anus

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10
Q

What are the parts of the Colon?

A

The Caecum - Proximal to Appendix
The Appendix - Most proximal part
The Ascending Colon - In the Sagittal plane (Right)
The Transverse Colon - The transverse plane
The Descending Colon - Sagittal plane (Left)
The Sigmoid Colon - Final part of the colon

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11
Q

What layers constitute the walls of the Intestines?

A

Inner Mucosa Layer
Inner Circularly arrange Smooth Muscle
Outer Longitudinal Smooth Muscle

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12
Q

What is the function of the muscle layers of the GI tract?

A

To move contents distally

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13
Q

What is Peristalsis?

A

Waves of simultaneous shortening of the length of segment, and narrowing of the luminal diameter

Moves contents distally

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the longitudinal layer of Smooth Muscle in Intestines?

A

It shortens the tube

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15
Q

What is the purpose of the inner circular layer of smooth muscle of the Intestines?

A

Narrows the diameter of the lumen

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16
Q

Describe how Peristalsis works.

A

The Peristaltic wave spreads down the tract from proximal to distal
- contents are pushed distally

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17
Q

What types of mucosa lining are in the GI Tract?

A

Protective
Secretory
Absorptive (Nutrients)
Absorptive (Water and Electrolytes)

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18
Q

What mucosa is found in the Oral Cavity?

A

Protect Mucosa

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19
Q

What is the purpose of Protective Mucosa?

A

Used in areas of greatest mechanical friction

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20
Q

What mucosa is found in the Oesophagus?

A

Protective Mucosa

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21
Q

What mucosa is found in the Anus?

A

Protective Mucosa

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22
Q

What mucosa is found in the Stomach?

A

Secretory Mucosa

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23
Q

What mucosa are found in the small intestine?

A

Absorptive (Nutrient) mucosa

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24
What mucosa is found in the Large Intestine ?
Absorptive (Water and Electrolyte) Mucosa
25
What parts of the GI Tract are in the head?
Oral Cavity Pharynx
26
What parts of the GI Tract are in the Chest?
Oesophagus
27
What parts of the GI Tract are in the Neck?
Pharynx Oesophagus
28
What parts of the GI Tract are in the Abdomen?
Stomach Small Intestine Most of Large Intestine
29
What parts of the GI Tract are in the Pelvis?
Rectum Anal Canal
30
What parts of the GI Tract are in the Perineum?
Anus
31
What are the Cavities of the body?
Cranial Chest Cavity Abdominal Cavity Pelvic Cavity
32
What separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity?
The diaphragm
33
What are the body walls of the body?
``` The Chest Wall The Back The Diaphragm - the internal wall The Pelvic wall The Upper Limbs The Lower Limbs ```
34
What is floor of the cranial vault?
The Base of the skull is its floor
35
How is the chest cavity divided?
Right/Left Pleural Cavity | Mediastinum
36
What is the floor of the Chest Cavity?
The Diaphragm.
37
How is the Abdominal divided?
The Peritoneal Cavity The Retroperitoneum
38
What two cavities are continue with eachother?
The Abdominal Cavity The Pelvic Cavity
39
What is the floor of the Pelvic Cavity?
The Pelvic Diaphragm
40
What is the name given to the body wall?
The Soma
41
What are the structures of the soma?
``` Skin Fascia Skeletal Muscle Skeleton Internal Lining layer of body cavity ```
42
What are the contents of the cranial cavity?
The Brain
43
What are the contents of the Chest Cavity?
Heart and Lungs
44
What are the contents of the abdominal cavity?
The abdominal Organs
45
What are the contents of the pelvic cavity?
Pelvic organs
46
What are the structures of the soma
``` Skin Fascia Skeletal Muscle Skeleton Internal Lining ```
47
What are the abdominal Organs?
``` (Everything except pelvic organs) The Liver Terminal/Distal Oesophagus Stomach Gall Bladder Pancreas Intestines Kidneys Adrenal Glands ```
48
What are the pelvic Organs?
Rectum Anal Cavity Anus
49
What is the layer that divides and lines abdominal Cavity?
The Parietal Peritoneum It creates the peritoneal cavity
50
What is the space within the abdominal cavity that is posterior to the peritoneum?
The Retroperitoneum
51
How many layers of skeletal muscle are on the anterolateral abdominal wall?
There are 3 layers
52
What is the outer layer of the abdominal wall called?
The anterolateral abdominal wall.
53
What are the layers flesh can be divided into that coats the layers of muscle of the anterolateral wall?
Skin Fascia Deep fascia
54
How do the abdominal organs fit into the abdominal cavity?
The developing organs (stomach, intestines, gi tract, liver and kidneys) push their way into the parietal peritoneum The push into it Posteriorly
55
What is the name of the parietal peritoneum that sticks to the surface of the organs?
Visceral Peritoneum
56
What is the relationship between the parietal peritoneum and the pelvic cavity?
Form the roof of the pelvic cavity
57
Describe what an intraperitoneal Organ is?
It is almost completely covered with visceral Peritoneum
58
Describe the mobility of an intraperitoneal organ?
It is minimally mobile E.g. Liver
59
What is a retroperitoneal Organ?
An organ located in the retroperitoneum e.g. Kidney/Pancreas
60
Describe an organ with a mesentery
They are organs covered in Visceral peritoneum They are suspended from the posterior abdominal wall by a mesentery
61
What is a mesentery?
An organ's double layer of visceral peritoneum
62
Describe the mobility of a mesentery organ?
High mobility
63
What layers constitute the walls of the intestines?
Inner Smooth Muscle Outer Longitudinal Muscle Mesenntery Visceral Peritoneum
64
How are vessels passing between the intestines and the retroperitoneum contained?
In mesenteries
65
What happens to the parietal peritoneum when organs are adult sized?
The Parietal Peritoneum is still adherent to the internal aspects of the abdominal walls
66
What happens to the visceral peritoneum after the organs are full sized?
The visceral peritoneum is now highly folded and convoluted. It forms Mesenteries
67
What happens to the peritoneal cavity when the organs reach adult size?
It is still inside the balloon It contains lubricating peritoneal fluid - secreted by peritoneum
68
What is peritonitis?
Blood, pus, bowel contents within the peritoneal cavity causes inflammation of the peritoneum
69
How can the organs of the abdominal cavity be divided?
Organs of the foregut Organs of the Midgut Organs of the Hindgut
70
What are the organs of the foregut?
``` Oesophagus To the mid of Duodenum Liver Gall Bladder Spleen Half of Pancreas ```
71
What are the organs of the midgut?
Mid-duodenum to 2/3'rds of the Transverse Colon | Half of Pancreas
72
What are the Organs of the hindgut?
Distal one third of the Transverse Colon | Proximal half of the anal canal
73
What blood vessels are in the retroperitoneum?
The Inferior Vena Cava ascends from the Retroperitoneum
74
What body wall does the inferior vena cava pass through?
The Diaphragm
75
What blood vessel pass through the diaphragm?
The Inferior Vena Cava ascends through it The Aorta descends through it
76
What are the branches of the abdominal Aorta?
The Coeliac Trunk The Superior Mesenteric Artery The Inferior Mesenteric Artery
77
What does the Coeliac trunk of the abdominal aorta supply?
The foregut organs
78
What does the superior mesenteric artery supply?
The Midgut Organs
79
What does the inferior mesenteric artery supply?
The Hindgut Organs
80
What does the hepatic portal vein drain from?
Drains Blood from: Foregut Midgut Hingut To the liver
81
What is drainage of the hepatic portal vein for?
First Pass Metabolism
82
What does the splenic vein drain from?
Drains from the Foregut to the Hepatic Portal Vein
83
What does the inferior mesenteric vein drain from?
Drains from the Hindgut to the splenic vein
84
What does the superior mesenteric vein drain from?
Drains from the Midgut to the Hepatic Portal Vein
85
What are the two parts of the Venous System?
The Portal Venous System The Systemic Venous System
86
What does the Portal Venous System drain blood from?
It drains from the absorptive parts of the GI Tract to the liver via the hepatic portal vein
87
What does the systemic venous system drain from?
Drains from deoxygenated blood from the rest of the body to the right atrium This included blood from the liver via the hepatic veins
88
How does the Foregut drain lymph?
Drain their lymph via nodes on the Splenic Artery towards to the coeliac nodes (Located on the coeliac trunk)
89
How does the Midgut structure drain lymph?
Drain lymph nodes located along the superior Mesenteric artery towards the the superior mesenteric nodes
90
How does the Hindgut structures drain lymph?
Drain via nodes on the Inferior Mesenteric Artery to the Inferior Mesenteric Nodes
91
What are the 9 abdominal regions
Posterior to Distal: Right Hypochondrium -- Epigastric -- Left Hypochondrium Right Lumbar Region -- Umbilical --- Left Lumbar Region Right Inguinal Region -- Pubic Area -- Left Inguinal Region
92
What are the four quadrants of the Abdomen?
The Right Upper Quadrant The Right Lower Quadrant The Left Upper Quadrant The Left Lower Quadrant
93
What Quadrant/Region is the Liver in?
The Liver is mainly in the upper Right Quadrant
94
What quadrant is the Small Intestine in?
Loops of S.I In all 4 quadrants
95
What quadrant/region is the Left Kidney in?
In the Left Flank / Left Lumbar Region
96
What Quadrant/Region is the Right Kidney in?
In the Right Lumbar Region
97
What quadrant/region is the Caecum and Appendix in?
In the Lower Right Quadrant It is in the right Iliac Fossa
98
What protect is there for the organs in the upper quadrants?
The Lower Ribs
99
How are the iliac fossae protected?
Protected by the Hip Bones
100
What offers the sagittal midline plane protection ?
The Vertebral Column and Sacrum
101
How is the rectum and anal canal protected?
Protected by the Pelvis
102
How do the muscle act to protect the organs of the abdomen?
The Contract to "guard" them
103
How is the flow of contents through the GI tract controlled?
Sphincters
104
What is the sphincter between the Laryngopharynx and the oesophagus?
The Criopharyngeal Sphincter
105
What is the sphincter between the stomach and the duodenum?
The Phyloric Sphincter
106
What is the sphincter between the anus and the external environment?
The External anal Sphincter
107
What is an anatomical sphincter?
Discrete areas were muscle completely encircles the lumen of the tract
108
What is the pyloric sphincter composed of?
Smooth Muscle
109
What is the external anal sphincter composed of?
Skeletal Muscle
110
What is the pain experienced when there is a blockage in the GI track?
Colicky Pain.

Anatomy - Principles (11 decks)

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