Anatomy Lecture 51_The Pharynx and Larynx

Question 1

What does CN IX: The Glossopharyngeal Nerve innervate in the neck?

Answer 1

Motor: stylopharyngeus Sensory to: pharyngeal plexus (auditory tube, tonsils, uvula), and carotid body

Question 2

What does CN X: The Vagus Nerve innervate in the neck?

Answer 2

Motor: Soft Palate except Tensor (levator veli palatini muscle. ​palatopharyngeus muscle. palatoglossus muscle muscle of the uvula.) and laryngeal muscles. Sensory: Epiglottis, Laryngopharynx, and Larynx

Question 3

What does CN XII: The Hypoglossal Nerve innervate in the neck?

Answer 3

Motor to all intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue *except palatoglossus (CN X)

Question 4

What provides arterial blood supply to the thyroid? What are they branches of

Answer 4

Superior Thyroid artery (branch of external carotid) and Inferior thyroid artery (Branch of thyrocervical trunk)

Question 5

What are the branches of venous blood return and what do they join?

Answer 5

superior and middle thyroid vein > internal jugular Inferior thyroid vein > brachiocephalic vein.

Question 6

What is the signaling pathway for thyroid hormone

Answer 6

Pituitary → Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) → Thyroxine etc

Question 7

What is the signaling pathway for parathyroid?

Answer 7

Parathyroid: Blood calcium levels → Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Question 8

What is a lingual thyroid?

Answer 8

abnormal developmental descent of the thyroid results in an ectopic thyroid. Most commonly forming below the lingual tonsils on the posterior tongue

Question 9

What are the three types of tonsils?

Answer 9

•Palatine (These are the main ones that are seen when infected) •Pharyngeal (adenoid) •Lingual

Question 10

What are the three Parapharyngeal Spaces

Answer 10

Retropharyngeal: just posterior to the pharynx Anterior Lateropharyngeal: Posterior Lateropharyngeal:

Question 11

Where are the Pharyngeal Constrictors located?

Answer 11

They are on the posterior aspect of the alimentary canal. The middle and superior portions are at the level of the jaw and above. The inferior portion is below the jaw

Question 12

what are the Pharyngeal Muscles off the Styloid Process and innervation?

Answer 12

• Stylopharyngeus (CN IX) • Stylohyoid (CN VII) • Styloglossus (CN XII)

Question 13

What are the Pharyngeal Muscles of the Pharyngeal Apparatus (CN X)

Answer 13

• Pharyngeal Constrictors • Salpingopharyngeus • Palatopharyngeus • Palatoglossus

Question 14

What are the Suprahyoids muscles and innervation?

Answer 14

• Mylohyoid (V3) • Anterior Digastric (CN V3) • Posterior Digastric (CN VII) • Hyoglossus (CN XII) • Geniohyoid (CN XII ~C1)

Question 15

What is the role of the muscles of the soft palet during swallowing?

Answer 15

lift the pharynx up while working as a flap valve to prevent food from entering the nasopharynx

Question 16

What is the role of the toung during swallowing?

Answer 16

The tongue pushes the bolus of food into the oropharynx

Question 17

What is the role of the pharyngeal constrictors in swallowing. how is the epiglottis moved?

Answer 17

The pharyngeal constrictors function to squeeze the bolus downward into the laryngopharynx. As it passes the trachea, it bowls over the epiglottis, preventing food from entering the “wind pipe.”

Question 18

what supplies Innervation to the Larynx and Thyroid

Answer 18

CN X • Superior Laryngeal • Recurrent Laryngeal

Question 19

What drives the Pharyngeal (Gag) Reflex?

Answer 19

The uvula drives it. CN IX gives sensory info to the brain which then sends motor control through CN X.

Question 20

What are the 5 Laryngeal Muscle Functions?

Answer 20

• Cricothyroid: tightens cord (superior laryngeal nerve)
• Thyroarytenoid: adducts cords
• Lateral Cricoarytenoid: adducts cords
• Posterior Cricoarytenoid: abducts cords
• Vocalis: fine adjustment of cord tension

NOTE: all muscles not indicated otherwise are innervated by the recurrent laryngeal nerve.