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MRCS A > ANATOMY - Lower limbs p2 > Flashcards

ANATOMY - Lower limbs p2 Flashcards

1
Q

which muscle is the lumbar plexus within?

A

psoas major

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2
Q

which nerves contribute to the lumbar plexus?

A

ant rami L1,2,3,4
Thoracic spinal nn T12

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3
Q

branches lumbar plexus

A

I I Get Lit On Fridays
Iliohypogastric T12, L1
Ilioinguinal L1
Genitofemoral L1, L2
Lateral Cutaneous L2, L3
Obturator L2, L3, L4
Femoral L2, L3, L4

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4
Q

pathway iliohypogastric nerve

A

iliac crest –> quadratus lumbrorum then perforates transversalis abdominis

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5
Q

motor inn iliohypogastric nn

A

IO
TA

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6
Q

sensory inn iliohypogastric nn

A

postero-lateral gluteal skin

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7
Q

pathway ilioinguinal nerve

A

same as iliohypogastric
then passes through sup inguinal ring –> genitalia

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8
Q

motor inn ilioinguinal nn

A

IO + TA

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9
Q

sensory inn ilioinguinal nn

A

antero-medial thigh
mons
labia majora
penis
anterior scrotum

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10
Q

motor inn genitofemoral nn

A

cremasteric nn

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11
Q

sensory inn genitofemoral nn

A

anterior scrotum
mons pubis
labia majora = all genital branch
upper ant thigh (femoral)

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12
Q

course lateral cutaneous nerve

A

enters thigh at lateral aspect inguinal ligament

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13
Q

sensory inn lateral cutaneous nerve

A

anterior and lateral thigh

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14
Q

femoral nerve motor innervation

A

anterior muscles of the thigh which flex hip and extend knee
pectineus
iliacus
sartorius
quadratus femoris

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15
Q

femoral nerve sensory innervation

A

anteromed thigh (ant cutaneous)
med leg + foot (saphenous)

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16
Q

course femoral nerve

A

lumbar plexus ant rami L2,3,4
through psoas major to thigh
under inguinal ligament to femoral triangle
4cm below inguinal lig splits into ant + post branches
ant –> ant cutaneous, branch to sartoirus + branch to pectineus
post –> branch to quadratus femoris + saphenous (terminal) –> adductor canal to adductor hiatus

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17
Q

motor innervation obturator nn

A

medial thigh mm
gracilis
obturator externus
adductor magnus
adductor brevis
adductor longus

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18
Q

sensory innervation obturator nn

A

medial thigh

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19
Q

route obturator nerve

A

L2,3,4 –> through psoas major –> posterior to common iliac artery
–> lateral pelvic wall
–> obturator canal where it divides into ant and post devisions
anterior = anterior to adductor brevis (betw longus + brevis) - pierces fascia lata –> cutaneous branch obturator nn
posterior = post to adductor brevis (betw brevis + magnus)

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20
Q

where do you do an obturator nerve block?

A

inferior to PT
Lateral to tendon of adductor longus

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21
Q

how wide is the sciatic nerve?

A

up to 2cm wide

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22
Q

what is piriformis syndrome?

A

compression of sciatic nn by piriformis mm –> buttocks tenderness

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23
Q

motor innervation sciatic nerve

A

posterior thigh muscles:
biceps femoris
semimembranous
semitendinous

hamstring adductor magnus
terminal branches inn mm leg + foot

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24
Q

Anatomical course sciatic nerve

A

lumbosacral plexus –> gluteal region via GSF –> inf to piriformis mm goes inf lat and crosses post surface of gemellus, obturator internus + quadratus femoris
–> enters posterior thigh deep to long head biceps femoris –> at apex popliteal fossa branches into tibial + common fibular nn

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25
Q

nerve roots tibial nerve

A

L4-S3

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26
Q

sensory inn tibial nn

A

posterolateral leg
lat foot
sole foot

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27
Q

motor inn tibial nn

A

posterior leg
intrinsic mm foot except EDB

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28
Q

Anatomical course tibial nn

A

arises at apex popliteal fossa
through fossa down leg posterior to tibia to foot
inferior and posterior to medial malleolus through tarsal tunnel
terminates by splitting into sensory branches

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29
Q

medial plantar nn inn

A

plantar surface + medial 3 1/2 digits foot

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30
Q

lateral plantar nn inn

A

plantar + 1/12 digits (lateral) foot

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31
Q

medial calcaneal nn inn

A

skin over calcaneus

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32
Q

common fibular nn nerve roots

A

L4-S2

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33
Q

motor inn common fibular nn

A

short head biceps femoris which flexes knee
branches supply lateral and anterior compartment leg

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34
Q

sensory inn common fibular nn

A

skin lateral leg + dorsum foot

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35
Q

anatomical course common fibular nn

A

begins in popliteal fossa
–> medial border biceps femoris (inferolaterally)
–> lateral head gastrocnemius (gives off 2 cutaneous branches here)
–> wraps round neck of fibular between attachment of fibularis mm
–> terminates by splitting into superficial and deep fibular nn

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36
Q

what are the 2 cutaneous branches of the common fibular nn given off at the gastrocnemius

A

sural communicating nn (+ tibial –> sural nn - posterolat leg)
lateral sural cuteanous nn - skin upper lateral leg

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37
Q

nn roots superficial fibular nn

A

L4-S1

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38
Q

motor inn superficial fibular nn

A

lateral compartment leg - fibularis longus + brevis
to EVERT foot

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39
Q

sensory inn superficial fibular nn

A

anterolat distal leg + majority of dorsum of foot

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40
Q

anatomical course superficial fibular nn

A

begins as a branch of common fibular nn at neck of fibular
–> descends between fibular mm + lat side of EDL (here gives off motor branches to fib longus + brevis)
–> lower ⅓ leg - pierces deep crural fascia to terminate as medial dorsal nn + intermedial dorsal nn

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41
Q

sensory nn roots superficial fib nn

A

L5,S1

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42
Q

cause of superficial fibular nn entrapment

A

ankle sprain
or compression by deep fascia
or fibula fracture

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43
Q

Sx superficial fibular nn entrapment

A

loss eversion
loss densation dorsum foot + anterolat leg

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44
Q

nn roots deep fibular nn

A

L4-S1

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45
Q

motor inn deep fibular nn

A

anterior leg mm - fibularis tertius, tibialis ant, EHL, EDL - DORSIFLEXORS
intrinsic mm foot (extend toes)

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46
Q

sensory inn deep fibular nn

A

webbed space betw 1+2 toe

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47
Q

anatomical course deep fibular nn

A

begins as branch of common fibular nn at neck of fibula
–> travels medially, pierces intermuscular septum
–> to anterior compartment leg with ant tibial aa
–> descends between tibialis anterior + EDL
–> then tibialis ant + EHL (stars lateral, then anterior then medial to tibial aa)
–> travels under extensor retinaculum ankle
–> divdes into lateral branch (EDB+EHB) + medial branch (skin toe web)

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48
Q

femoral triangle borders - roof

A

fascia lata

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49
Q

femoral triangle borders - floor

A

pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus

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50
Q

femoral triangle borders - sup

A

inguinal ligament

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51
Q

femoral triangle borders lat -

A

medial border sartorius

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52
Q

femoral triangle borders - med

A

medial border adducctor longus

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53
Q

contents femoral triangle

A

= NAVEL
Nn femoral
aa femoral
vv femoral
Empty space (femoral canal)
LN
NAVE = within the femoral sheath

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54
Q

what is the femoral canal?

A

the smallest + most medial portion of the femoral sheath

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55
Q

femoral canal borders - medial

A

lacunar ligament

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56
Q

femoral canal borders -lateral

A

femoral vv

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57
Q

femoral canal borders - anterior

A

inguinal ligament

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58
Q

femoral canal borders - posterior

A

pectineal ligament, pubic ramus (sup), pectineus mm (3Ps)

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59
Q

where is the femoral ring

A

at the opening of the superior border of the femoral canal

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60
Q

tibial nn roots

A

L4-S3

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61
Q

sensory inn tibial nn

A

posterolateral leg
lateral foot
sole of foot

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62
Q

motor inn tibial nn

A

post leg - sup + deep compartments - plantarflexion, inversion, flexion toes
intrinsic mm foot except DPB

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63
Q

anatomical course tibial nn

A

arises at the apex popliteal fossa
–> throfg popliteal fossa (gives off sura+ superficial post leg branches)
–> down leg, posterior to tibia (inn post leg mm)
–> to foot - inferior + posterior to medial malleolus via the tarsal tunnel
–> terminates by splitting into sensory branches

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64
Q

what are the 3 nn branches from the tibial nn that inn the sole of the foot

A

lateral plantar nn - plantar + 1 1/2 digits laterally
medial plantar - plantar surface + medial 3 ½ digits
medial calcaneal - skin over heel

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65
Q

contents femoral canal

A

lymphatic vessels (draining into deep inguinal LN)
deep LN - lacunar nn
empty space allowing from distention of femoral vv
loose connective tissue

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66
Q

where does the adductor canal extend between

A

apex of the femoral triangle –> adductor hiatus of the adductor magnus (betw AM + hamstring)

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67
Q

borders adductor canal

A

anteromedially - sartorius
vastus medialis - lateral
adductor longus - posterior

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68
Q

contents adductor canal (4)

A

femoral aa
femoral vv
nn to vastus medialis
saphenous nn

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69
Q

adductor canal compression syndrome is 2’ to

A

hypertrophy of the adjacent mm

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70
Q

which nn is blocked in an adductor canal nn block

A

saphenous nn

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71
Q

popliteal fossa - borders

A

superomedially - semimbranous
superolaterally - biceps femoris
inferomedially - med head gastocnemius
inferolaterally - lat head gatrocnemius + plantaris
floor - post knee joint capsule, popliteus, post femur
roof - pop fascia (continous w/ TFL) + skin

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72
Q

contents popliteal fossa med to lateral (4)

A

popliteal aa
politeal vv
tibial nn
common fibular nn

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73
Q

most superficial contents popliteal fossa

A

tibial + common fibular nn

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74
Q

most deep contents popiteal fossa

A

popliteal aa

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75
Q

which structure of the popliteal fossa is most liable to compression via a popliteal aneurysm

A

tibial nn

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76
Q

floor tarsal tunnel

A

medial tibia, talus, calcaneus

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77
Q

roof tarsal tunnel

A

flexor retinaculum

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78
Q

where does the flexor retinaculum of the ankle extend between

A

medial malleolus to medial tubercle cacaneous

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79
Q

how many compartments to the tarsal tunnel

A

4
1 = NV
other 3 = the 3 tendons

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80
Q

contents tarsal tunnels

A

Top Driving VAN Hire
Tibialis post
flexor Digitorum longus
tibial VV
tibial AA
tibial NN
flexor Hallucis longus

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81
Q

what is tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

entrapment + compression tibial nn as it pases through tarsal tunnel

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82
Q

Sx tarsal tunnel syndrome

A

changes sensation sole foot

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83
Q

what type of joint is the hip joint?

A

ball + socket joint

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84
Q

what is the intracapsular ligament of the hip joint?

A

ligament of head of femur (ligamentum teres) - acetabular fossa –> fovea femur

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85
Q

what structure does the ligamentum teres enclose

A

aa to head of femur (^obturator aa)

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86
Q

what are the 3 extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint

A

ileofemoral ligament
pubofemoral ligament
ischiofemoral ligament

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87
Q

ileofemoral lligament extends between

A

ASIS –> intertrochanteric line (Y shaped)

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88
Q

fct ileofemoral ligament

A

prevents hyperextension hip

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89
Q

pubofemoral ligament extends between

A

sup pubic rami –> intertrochanteric line
triangle space

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90
Q

fct pubofemoral ligament

A

prevents XS abduction/extension

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91
Q

ischiofemoral ligament extends between

A

body of ischium –> greater trochanter
spiral shape

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92
Q

fct ischiofemoral ligament

A

prevents hyperextension

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93
Q

aa supply hip joint

A

medial circumflex femoral aa = majority
also lat circumflex femoral aa

94
Q

inn hip joint

A

sciatic nn
femoral nn
obturator nn

95
Q

hip flexion muscles (4)

A

iliopsoas
rectus femoris
sartorius
pectineus

96
Q

hip extension muscles (4)

A

gluteus maximums
semimembranous
semitendinous
biceps femoris

97
Q

hip adbuction muscles (4)

A

gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
TFL
piriformis

98
Q

hip adduction muscles (5)

A

adductor longus
adductor brevis
adductor magnus
pectineus
gracilis

99
Q

hip lateral rotation muscles (3)

A

biceps femoris
gluteus maximus
piriformis

100
Q

hip medial rotation muscles (3)

A

anterior fibres gluteus medius
anterior fibres gluteus minimus
TFL

101
Q

in which direction after 90% of hip dislocations

A

posterior

102
Q

PS post hip dislocation

A

hip is shortened + medially rotated (int)

103
Q

what % of hip dislocations have sciatic nn injury

A

10-20%

104
Q

knee joint - type of joint

A

hinge synovial joint

105
Q

what are the 2 articulating surfaces with the knee joint?

A

tibiofemoral (condyles femur to condyles tibia)
patello femoral - ant femur w/ patella

106
Q

what structure is the patella within

A

quadriceps tendon

107
Q

aa supply knee joint

A

genicular anastomoses

108
Q

what comprises of the genicular anastomoses

A

genicular branches femoral/popliteal aa

109
Q

what law does the nn supply to the knee joint follow

A

Hiltons law

110
Q

what is Hiltons law

A

mm which supply muscle that cross joint supply joint
in case of knee: tibial, femoral, common fibular nn

111
Q

where do the lateral mensici attach to?

A

intercondylar atrea

112
Q

where do the medial menisci attach to

A

intercondylar area
also fixed to tibial collateral ligament + joint capsule

113
Q

what are the 4 bursae of the knee

A

semimembranous bursa
suprapatellar bursa
pre-patellar bursa
infrapatellar bursa

114
Q

where is the semimembranous bursa

A

between semimbranous mm + gastrocnemius head

115
Q

where is the suprapatellar bursa

A

betw quadriceps femoris + femur

116
Q

where is the prepatellar bursa

A

betw apex patella + skin

117
Q

where is the infrapatellar bursa

A

sup - betwn patella ligament + skin
deep - betw tibia + patella ligament

118
Q

which bursa is inflamed in Housemaid’s knee?

A

prepatellar ligament

119
Q

which bursa is inflamed in Clergyman’s knee?

A

infrapatellar ligament

120
Q

what is the patellar ligament and where does it attach?

A

= a continuation of the qudriceps tendon
attaches to the tibial tuberocity

121
Q

fct of the collateral ligaments of the knee

A

stabilise hinge motion of the knee

122
Q

which collateral ligament is wider and flatter

A

MCL

123
Q

where does the MCL span betweem

A

medial epicondyle femur –> medial condyle tibia

124
Q

if the MCL tears, which structure of the knee has also likely torn?

A

medial meniscus

125
Q

which collateral ligament is thinner and rounder

A

LCL

126
Q

where does the LCL span between

A

lateral epicondyle femur –> lateral fibular head

127
Q

what do the cruciate ligaments connect

A

femur + tibia

128
Q

where does the ACL extend between

A

anterior intercondylar fossa of the tibia (blending w/ med meniscus) –> intercondylar fossa femur

129
Q

role of ACL

A

prevents anterior dislocation tibia

130
Q

where does the PCL extend between?

A

posterior interocondylar fossa of the tibia –> anteromed femoral condyle

131
Q

role of PCL

A

prevents posterior dislocation tibia

132
Q

which cruciate ligament is more likely to rupture in a dashboard injury?

A

PCL

133
Q

extension of knee muscle

A

quadriceps femoris

134
Q

flexion of knee muscles (4)

A

hamstrings
gracilis
sartorius
pectineus

135
Q

lat rotation of knee muscle

A

biceps femoris

136
Q

med rotation of knee muscles (5)

A

semimbrananous
semiteindinous
gracilis
sartorius
pectineus

137
Q

which movements of the knee can only occur when it is flexed?

A

lateral and medial rotation

138
Q

what is the ‘unhappy triad’

A

ACL, med meniscus + MCL tears

139
Q

cause of the unhappy triad

A

rugby tackle
lateral force to extended knee

140
Q

what is the proximal tibiofibular joint

A

between head of fibular and lateral condyle tibia

141
Q

what type of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint

A

plane synovial joint

142
Q

what are the articular sufraces of the proximal tibiofibular joint lined with

A

hyaline cartilage, within joitn capsule

143
Q

which external factors support the proximal tibiofibular joint (3)

A

ant/psot tibiofibular ligaments
LCL
biceps femoris

144
Q

aa supply proximal tibiofibular joint

A

inf genicular aa

145
Q

nn supply proximal tibiofibular joint

A

common fibular nn

146
Q

cause of proximal tibiofibular joint dislocation

A

fall onto adducted and flexed knee

147
Q

what is the distal tibiofibular joint

A

articulation between fibular notch of the distal tibia + fibula

148
Q

which type of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint

A

fibrous joint (hence no joint capsule)

149
Q

what external factors support the distal tibiofibular joint

A

IO membrane
ant + inf tibiofibular ligaments
inf transverse tibiofibular ligaments

150
Q

aa supply distal tibiofibular joint

A

branches tibial aa + fibular aa

151
Q

nn supply distal tibiofibular joint

A

deep peroneal + tibial nn

152
Q

what type of joint is the ankle joint

A

synovial hinge joint

153
Q

what 3 bones make up the ankle joint

A

tibia
fibular
talus

154
Q

what forms the mortise of the ankle joint

A

tibia + fibula bound by the tibiofibular ligaments

155
Q

why is plantarflexion less stable than dorsiflexion in the ankle joint

A

dorsiflexion - broad anterior part of the talus is held in the mortise = more stable
plantarflexion - narrow posterior part of the talus held in the mortise = less stable

156
Q

how many ligaments is the medial/deltoid ligament on the medial malleolus

A

4 ligaments (to talus, calcaneus + navicular bones)

157
Q

role of the medial/deltoid ligament of the ankle

A

resist over evertsion of the foot

158
Q

how many ligaments is the lateral ligament on the lateral malleolus

A

3 (ant talofibular, post talofibular, calcaneofibular)

159
Q

role of the lateral ligament of the ankle

A

resists over inversion of the foot

160
Q

medial vs lateral ligament of the ankle - which is more likely to be damaged in an ankle sprain

A

lateral ligament

161
Q

of the lateral ligament - which ligament is most likely to be damaged in an ankle sprain

A

anterior talofibular ligament

162
Q

aa supply ankle joint

A

malleolar branches anterior tibial, posterior tibial + fibular aa

163
Q

inn ankle joint

A

tibial, sup + deep fibular nn

164
Q

eponymous term for bi/trimalleolar fractures

A

Pott’s fractures

165
Q

mechanism of injury Pott’s fracture

A

forced eversion
–> pulls medial ligaments –> avulsion fracture med malleolus
talus moves laterally –> lat malleolus fracture
tibia forced anteriorly –> distal post tibial fracture

166
Q

what is the subtalar joint

A

between talus and calcaneus

167
Q

what type of joint is the subtalar joint

A

plane synovial joint

168
Q

what are the 2 articulating surfaces of the subtalar joint

A

post talar articular surface
post calcaneal articular facet

169
Q

what 3 ligaments support the jont capsule of the subtalar joint

A

post talocalcaneal ligament
med talocalcaneal ligament
lat talocalcaneal ligament

170
Q

which extra ligament gives the majority of the stability to the subtalar joint

A

interosseous talocalcaneal ligament (within sinus tarsi)

171
Q

aa supply subtalar joint

A

post tibial + fibular aa

172
Q

nn supply to subtalar joint

A

plantar = med/lat plantar nn
dorsal = deep fibular nn

173
Q

which aa supplies the NOF + head of femur

A

med circumflex aa

174
Q

medial circumflex aa is a branch of

A

femoral aa

175
Q

lateral circumflex aa is a branch of

A

femoral aa

176
Q

route of lateral circumflex aa

A

wraps around anterolateral femur to supply lat thigh mm

177
Q

what is the femoral aa a continuation of

A

external iliac aa

178
Q

route of femoral aa

A

begins from ext iliac aa after inguinal ligament
travels anteriorly in the adductor canal, when leaves adductor hiatus, enters posterior compartment of leg as popliteal aa

179
Q

where does the profunda femoris begin

A

femoral triangle

180
Q

what are the 3 main branches of the profunda femoris

A

perforating branches
lateral femoral circumflex
medial femoral circumflex

181
Q

where does the obturator aa originate from

A

internal iliac aa

182
Q

where does the popliteal aa terminate

A

lower border of popliteus

183
Q

what does the popliteal aa terminate as

A

anterior tibial and tibioperoneal aa

184
Q

where does the anterior tibial aa run between

A

anteriorly, between the tibia and fibula

185
Q

what does the anterior tibial aa become

A

dorsalis pedis aa

186
Q

what does the tibioperoneal aa become

A

posterior tibial aa
fibular aa

187
Q

fibular aa supplies

A

lateral leg via branches

188
Q

posterior tibial aa supplies

A

deep posterior leg muscles

189
Q

what does the posterior tibial aa branch into

A

lat + med plantar aa

190
Q

what aa does the dorsalis pedis anastomose with to become the deep plantar arch

A

lateral plantar aa

191
Q

what are the 2 groups of veins in the leg

A

deep vv (which accompany major aa)
superficial vv (in the sct tissue)

192
Q

what does the deep vv of the thigh (profunda femoris) drain

A

thigh mm

193
Q

where does the deep vv of the thigh drain into

A

femoral vv

194
Q

where does the femoral vv drain into

A

external iliac vv

195
Q

the plantar foot area is drained by which veins?

A

medial and lateral plantar vv

196
Q

where do the medial and lateral plantar vv drain into

A

post tibial vv

197
Q

where does the posterior tibial vv enter the leg and what does it drain into

A

posteriorly at the medial malleolus
–> popliteal vv

198
Q

where do the dorsal vv arch drain into>

A

anterior tibial vv

199
Q

what aer the 2 major superficial vv of the lower limb

A

great saphenous vv
small saphenous vv

200
Q

what vv form the great saphenoud vv

A

dorsal vv arch + dorsal vv great toe

201
Q

pathway of great saphenous vv

A

travels up medial leg, anterior to medial malleolus + posterior to medial condyle knee
terminates into femoral vv inferior to inguinal ligament

202
Q

what forms the small saphenous vv

A

dorsal vv arch + dorsal vv little toe

203
Q

pathway of small saphenous vv

A

travels on posterior leg, posterior to lateral malleolus along the lateral border of the achilles tendon
between the 2 heads of the gastrocnemius –> popliteal vv

204
Q

what are the 2 superficial lymphatic vessels associated with the lower limb

A

medial vessels and lateral vessels

205
Q

which vv are the medial lymphatic vessels associated with

A

greater saphenous vv

206
Q

where do the medial lymphatic vessels drain into

A

sub-inguinal LN

207
Q

which vv are the lateral lymphatic vessels associated with

A

small saphenous vv

208
Q

where do the lateral lymphatic vessels drain into

A

popliteal LN

209
Q

what are the 3 main deep lymphatic vessels + where do they drain into

A

post-tibial
ant tibial
peroneal

==> popliteal LN

210
Q

where are the inguinal LN

A

upper aspect of the femoral triangle

211
Q

how are the inguinal LN split into 2 groups

A

by their relation to the termination of the great saphenous vv

212
Q

superficial inguinal LN drain

A

penis
scrotum
perineum
buttock
abdo wall
(direct line under the inguinal ligament)

213
Q

superficial subinguinal LN drain

A

lower leg

214
Q

where are the deep inguinal LN

A

median aspect of the femoral vv

215
Q

how many popliteal LN are there

A

5-7

216
Q

where are the popliteal LN and where do they drain into

A

imbedded in the fat of the popliteal fossa
drain into deep inguinal LN

217
Q

how many arches in the foot (+ what are they)

A

2 x longitudinal - medial and lateral
1 x ant transverse

218
Q

out of medial and lateral longitduinal arch - which is high

A

medial arch

219
Q

which bones form the medial arch of the foot (4)

A

calcaneus
talus
navicular
3xMT

220
Q

mm support meidal longitudinal arch foot (6)

A

TA
TP
fibularis longus
FDL
FHL
intrinsic foot mm

221
Q

which ligaments support the medial foot arch (2)

A

plantar ligaments
medial igament ankle joint

222
Q

which bones make up the lateral foot arch (3)

A

calcaneus
cuboud
4-5 MRT

223
Q

which mm support the lateral foot arch (3)

A

FL
FDL
intrinsic foot mm

224
Q

which ligament supports the lateral foot arch

A

plantar ligaments

225
Q

which bones make up the transverse foot arch

A

MT bases
cuboid
3 x cuneiform

226
Q

which mm and ligaments make up transverse foot arch (2 + 2)

A

plantar ligaments
deep transverse MT ligaments

227
Q

what is pes cavus

A

high arches, espec medial

228
Q

causes pes cavus (3)

A

idiopathic
clubfoot
2’ to NM danage

229
Q

what is pes planus and which arch is lost

A

flat foot
longitudinal arch lost

230
Q

what age does pes planus tend to develop

A

from 2-3 y/

231
Q

causes pes planus (2)

A

idiopathic
tight tendons/damage

232
Q

what are the 3 parts of the stance phase of walking

A

1) Heel strike - foot hits ground heel first
2) support - rest of foot hits ground, mm work to cope with force
3)toe off - foot prepares to leave group, heel first, toes last

MRCS A (36 decks)

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