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Anatomy Exam 1 > Anatomy (Nervous System) > Flashcards

Anatomy (Nervous System) Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

Homeostasis (2)

A
  • Tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equalibrium by adjusting its physiological processes
  • Maintained by autonomic nervous system
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2
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (1) & Controls (3)

A
  • Visceral motor functions
  • Contorls:
    1. Cardiac muscle
    2. Smooth muscle
    3. Glands
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3
Q

What controls BV’s and how?

A
  • Sympathetic contracts BV’s and turning it off dialates BV’s
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4
Q

Sympathetic Autonomic Ganglia

A
  • Paravertebral ganglion (sympathetic chain ganglia)
  • Prevertebral ganglia are assoicated with large BV’s in abdomen
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5
Q

Parasympathetic Autonomic Ganglia

A
  • Intramural ganglion are distributed in the wall of the target organ
  • Parasympathetic ganglia of the head and neck
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6
Q

Superior Cervical Ganglia

A
  • Inervates all of the head and neck for sympathetic NS
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7
Q

Cranial Nerve 10 (Vegas Nerve) (9)

A

Preganglionic fibers in brain stem

Innervates:

  1. Lungs
  2. Heart
  3. Liver
  4. Stomach
  5. Spleen
  6. Pancreas
  7. Large Intestine
  8. Small Intestine
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8
Q

Sacral Nerves 2-4 (5)

A

Innervate:

  1. Large Intestine
  2. Small Intestine
  3. Rectum
  4. Bladder
  5. Genitalia
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9
Q

Sympathetic Chain Ganglia (4)

A
  • Contains 2 neurons
  • 1 in CNS (T1-L2 Region)
  • 1 in paravertebral ganglia (next to vertebra) or in prevertebral ganaglia
  • Always enter spinal nevre via white matter and leave via gray matter
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10
Q

Pre/Postganglionic Sympathetic & Pre/Postganglionic Parasympathetic Cell Bodies

A

Pre Symp - T1-L2 region of CNS

Post Symp - Paravertebral ganglia or prevertebral ganglia

Pre Para - Brain stem or S2-S4 region of CNS

Post Para - Inner wall of target organ

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11
Q

Sympathetic Option 1

A

Preganglionic fibers - Intermediolateral gray area of T1-L2 -> ventral root into spinal cord -> 2nd neuron in paravertebral ganglion via white ramus communicans

Postganglionic fibers - paravertebral ganglion -> spinal nerve via gray ramus communicans -> dorsal & ventral ramus for distribution

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12
Q

Sympathetic Option 2

A

Preganglionic Fibers - Neurons in Intermediolateral gray matter in T1-L2 -> spinal nerve via ventral root -> paravertebral ganglion via white ramus comminicans -> up or down sympathetic chain to synapse at specific paravertebral ganglion

Postganglionic Fibers - Neurons in paravertebral ganglion -> spinal nevre via gray ramus communicans n-> dorsal and ventral ramus for distribution

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13
Q

Sympathetic Option 3

A

Prevertebral fibers - Neurons in Intermediolateral gray area of T1-L2 -> spinal nerve via ventral root -> paravertebral ganglion via white ramus communicans -> exit chain as splanchnic nerve into prevertebral ganglion

Postganglionic fibers - Neurons in prevertebral ganglia -> target organ via following BV’s or autonomic plexus

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14
Q

Parasympathetic Pathway

A

Preganglionic fiber:

Brain stem - Vegus nerve -> organs in thorax or abdomen until splenic flexure of colon

Sacral Spinal Cord (S2-S4) - Intermediolateral gray area -> spinal nerve via ventral root -> ventral ramus -> decending colon or organs of pelvis or erectile tissue

Postganglionic fibers - neurons in target organ

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15
Q

Visceral Sensory Pathway

A

Visceral fibers from target organs via following sympathetic fibers -> Dorsal root ganglia

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16
Q

Conus Medullaris

A
  • Narrowed end of spinal cord
  • Around L1/L2
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17
Q

Cauda Equina

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A
  • Nerve roots after L2
  • Travel inferior to vertebral canal
  • Ex. L4 nerve root exits below L4 vertebra
18
Q

Cervical Spinal Nerves (3)

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A
  • 8 cervical spinal nerves
  • C8 nerve exits below C7, rest of the cervial nerves exit superior to respected vertebra
  • Roots exit horizontally
19
Q

White Matter in Spinal Cord

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A
  • Myelinated axons
  • Travel up and down spinal sord
  • No nerons
  • Conduite (contains fluid) system
20
Q

Gray Matter of Spinal Cord

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A
  • Neuronal and glial cell bodies
  • Lots of neurons
  • Move into and out of spinal cord
21
Q

Posterior (Dorsal) Horn

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A
  • Receive sensory information from spinal (dorsal) root ganglia neurons
  • Gray matter
22
Q

Anterior (Ventral) Horn

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A
  • Contains somatic motor neurons that innervate skeletal muscles
  • Gray matter
23
Q

Dorsal Root Ganglion

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A
  • Where sensory fibers enter spinal cord
  • Pseudounipolar neurons outside CNS
  • No synapses here
24
Q

Pseudounipolar Neuron (5)

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A
  • Part of PNS that sends signals at CNS
  • No synapse in soma (in dorsal root ganglia)
  • Skin receptors take place of dendrites
  • Action potential moves from peripheral process to central process along one axon
  • Only in dorsal root
25
Ventral Root
- Somatic motor fibers from anterior horn - Pass from spinal cord to innervate skeletal muscles
26
Spinal Nerve
- Merging of dorsal and ventral root - **Mixed nerve** - In the intervertebral foramen - Ventral horn -\> Spinal nerve via ventral root -\> Body via Dorsal or Ventral ramus - Body -\> Spinal nerve via Dorsal or Ventral ramus -\> Dorsal root ganglion -\> Dorsal horn via Dorsal root
27
Dorsal vs Ventral Primary Ramus
Dorsal - Innervates **epaxial** muscle and overlying skin. Sub & Greater occipital nerves are only ones named Ventral - Inervates **hypaxial** muscles and overlying skin. Most are named
28
Sensory Deficit (numbness)
- Must lose **3 spinal cord levels** for total numbness due to each dermatome overlapping adjacet ones by 50% - Ex. must lose T2 & T4 to have total numbness in T3 region
29
Trunk Segmentation
- Truely segmental - Called **dermatome levels** - T4 is located at areola level - T10 is at umbiliocus level - T12/L1 is lowest extent of trunk
30
Herpes Zoster (Shingles) vs Diabetes
Shingles - isolated & follows a single dermatome level Diabetes - affects multiple dermatome levels (**stocking glove distribution**)
31
Plexus Locations
Cervical plexus - C2-C6 Brachial plexus - C6-C8 Lumbar plexus - L1-L5 Sacral plexus - L4-S4 \*All nerves, **not** vertebrae
32
Meninges & Order
- Connective tissue that covers spinal cord 1. **Dura mater** (most superficial) 2. **Arachnoid membrane** 3. **Pia mater** (deepest)
33
Dura Mater (5)
- Most superficial meninge - "Tough mother" - External covering of brain and spinal cord - Goes from skull to S2 level of vertebral canal (called **dural sac** after L1/L2 or end of spinal cord) - **Dural sleeves** extend distally along spinal nerves
34
Arachnoid Membrane (5)
- Middle meninge - "Spider's web" - Avascular - Follows dural sac & sleeves - Not connected to dura mater or pia mater, just between them
35
Pia Mater
- Deepest meningeal layer - "Delicate mother" - Adherent to spinal cord - **Dentriculate ligaments** extend laterally to hold SC to DM between dorsal & ventral roots - **Filum terminale** covers spinal sord from conus medullaris to coccyx
36
Epoidural Space vs Subarachnoid Space
Epidural Space - superficial to dura mater, has fat & **internal vertebral venous plexus** (drains spinal cord) Subarachnoid Space - deep to arachnoid membrane & pushes is againt dura mater, and has **cerebrospinal fluid** (CSF), pushes
37
Lumbar Puncture
- Epidural anesthesia into **epidural space** between L4/L5 spinous process - Spinal anesthesia into CSF collection in **subarachnoid space** between L3/L4 spinous process
38
Spinal Cord Vasculature (arteries) (4)
- **One anterior** spinal artery from **vertebral artery** - **Two posterior** spinal arteries from **posterior inferior cerebellar artery** - Anterior aa gets supplemented by medullary segmental aa at each vertebral level - Dorsal and ventral roots are supplied by radicular aa
39
Medullary Segmental Artery Regions
**Superior** Posterior intercostal aa Lumbar aa Lateral sacral aa **Inferior**
40
Spinal Cord Vasculature (Veins)
- Internal vertebral plexus (inside vertebral canal in epidural space) - External vertebral plexus (outside vertberal canal) - Both plexuses anastomose (cross with each other) with each other and other regional veins at every vertebral level which allows infection and cancer to spread
41
Dermatome vs Cutaneous Innervation
- Each dermatome layer has one spinal cord level associated with it - Some regions (like limbs) have periphreal nerves that provide cutaneous innervation with invlolve more than one spinal cord level

Anatomy Exam 1 (18 decks)

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