Anatomy of ageing

Question 1

how does posture change with age?

Answer 1

Loss of arches of the feet
Vertebral Collapse
Increased Kyphosis

Question 2

what is osteoporosis?

Answer 2

A loss of bone density

Question 3

What fractures are common due to osteoporosis?

Answer 3

Femur neck
Vertebral collage
Colles fracture

Question 4

what is the treatment for osteoporosis?

Answer 4

Oestrogen replacement
Biphosphonates
Calcium
Exercise

Question 5

what is the characteristic sign of a fractured neck of femur?

Answer 5

Shortened externally rotated leg

Question 6

what causes the shortened externally rotated leg in a fractured neck of femur?

Answer 6

The psoad major traction

Question 7

what is pagets disease?

Answer 7

There is excessive breakdown and formation of bone leading to disorganised remodelling

Question 8

what is a rare complication of pagets disease?

Answer 8

Sarcoma

Question 9

what is seen in pagets disease of the skull?

Answer 9

Nerve compression
loss of vision and hearing
loosening of teach

Question 10

why can osteoarthritis cause nerve compression?

Answer 10

Osteophytes can form around the vertebrae

Question 11

what is spondylosis?

Answer 11

degeneration of the vertebral joints

Question 12

what is sponylolysis?

Answer 12

fracture of the pars of the vertebrae

Question 13

how does the skin change with increased age?

Answer 13

• loss of collagen and elastin
• increased fragility
• dry due to decreased sebum production
• decreased melanocytes so pale
• less subcutaneous fat for padding and insulation

Question 14

what is ectropion?

Answer 14

turning out of the lower eyelid due to weaknessof palpebral ligaments

Question 15

what is the visual change due to macular degeneration?

Answer 15

loss of central vision

Question 16

what is dry macular degeneration?

Answer 16

there is accumulation of cellular debris between the retina and choroid

Question 17

what is the wet type of macular degeneration?

Answer 17

vessels form between the choroid and retina

Question 18

what is presbyopia?

Answer 18

long sighted

Question 19

what causes presbyopia?

Answer 19

Weakening of the ciliary muscles so can no longer accommodate to nearby objects

Question 20

what is the cause of open angle glaucoma/

Answer 20

obstruction of the trabecular network in the canal ofschlemm

Question 21

what is volvulus?

Answer 21

A mal rotation of a loop of bowel

Question 22

what is diverticular disease?

Answer 22

out pouchings of colonic mucosa through weaknesses of colonic muscle

Question 23

where is diverticular disease most common?

Answer 23

sigmoid colon

Question 24

what are risk factors for diverticular disease?

Answer 24

constipation, diet, genetic, connective tissue disorders

Question 25

what are complications of diverticular disease?

Answer 25

peritonitis, inflammatory mass, fistula, diverticulutiitis

Question 26

what area of the prostate does hyperplasia effect?

Answer 26

the transitional zone

Question 27

what area of the prostate is affected by cancer?

Answer 27

the peripheral zone