Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Respiratory > Anatomy of breathing > Flashcards

Anatomy of breathing Flashcards

(101 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What are the 2 main sections of the respiratory tract?

A

Upper respiratory tract (URT)
Lower respiratory tract (LRT)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What marks the boundary between the upper and lower respiratory tract?

A

The body of the C6 vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What structures are contained in the upper respiratory tract?

A

Nasal cavity
Oral cavity
Pharynx
Larynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What structures are contained in the lower respiratory tract?

A

Trachea
Right and left main bronchi
Lobar bronchi
Segmental bronchi
Bronchioles
Alveoli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

How many lobes does the left lung contain?

A

2 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many lobes does the right lung contain?

A

3 lobes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How many bronchopulmonary segments does each lung have?

A

10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What does the left lung contain instead of a middle lobe?

A

The lingula of the upper lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the 3 regions of the pharynx?

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx (Hypopharynx)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What does the larynx become at the C6 vertebral body?

A

The trachea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What does the pharynx become at the C6 vertebral body?

A

The oesophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

At what level does the trachea first bifurcate?

A

At the level of the sternal angle or T4/5 vertebra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 lobes of the right lung?

A

Upper (Superior) lobe
Middle lobe
Lower (Inferior) lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are the 2 lobes of the left lung?

A

Upper (Superior) lobe
Lower (Superior) lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Which fissure separates the inferior lobe from the superior (+Middle) lobe?

A

The oblique fissure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Which tissue separates the middle lobe from the superior lobe on the right lung?

A

Horizontal lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is special about the bronchopulmonary segments?

A

Each segment has its own blood, nerve air supply and lymphatic drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the main tissue type that lines the bronchopulmonary tree?

A

Respiratory epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the function of the cilia of the respiratory epithelium?

A

They sweep mucous as well as any foreign bodies up towards the pharynx, where it can be swallowed - Mucociliary escalator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

How can toxins in cigarettes cause a cough?

A

They can dry out the mucosa or the bronchial tree which interfered with the action of the cilia, therefore causing a cough to try and remove the excess mucous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a wheeze?

A

The sound of air passing through a constructed airway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens to the amount of cartilage in the walls of the bronchial tree as you move down it?

A

The amount of cartilage decreases as you move down the bronchial tree, until the alveoli, where there is no cartilage to maximise diffusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is required to ensure that enough O2 and CO2 can diffuse between the alveolus and the blood?

A

Sufficient functioning lung tissue
Sufficiency O2 in the air we breathe in
Almost no CO2 in the air we breathe in
Minimal thickness of alveolar walls
Minimal tissue fluid in the tissue spaces around alveolar capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are some factors that prevent air moving freely in and out of the lungs?

A

Constriction of bronchioles (e.g. asthma)
Swelling of mucosa lining the inside of the respiratory tree and overproduction of mucous (e.g asthma)
A growing tumour that compresses the tract
Inhalation of foreign bodies that can stop breathing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the 2 sections of the wall dividing the left and right nasal cavities?
Bony part Cartilaginous part
26
What forms the bony part of the wall dividing the left and right nasal cavities?
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone (Superiorly) Vomer (Inferiorly)
27
What forms the floor of the nasal cavities?
The palate
28
What forms the roof of the nasal cavities?
the anterior cranial fossa
29
What are the 4 cartilages of the larynx?
Thyroid cartilage Cricoid cartilage 2x Arytenoid cartilage
30
What is the area behind the epiglottis known as?
Vallecula
31
What is the way into the larynx known as?
The laryngeal inlet
32
What is the function of the epiglottis?
When food enters the mouth, it closes the epiglottis and prevents food moving into the larynx
33
Which cartilage forms the adam's apple
Thyroid cartilage
34
What are the functions of the larynx?
Maintaining the patency of the URT Prevents entry of foreign bodies into the URT Production of sound via the vocal cords
35
Where are the vocal cords found?
Either side of the larynx, running between the thyroid cartilage anteriorly and the arytenoid cartilage posteriorly
36
What is the name of the narrowest part of the URT, between the vocal cords?
Rima Glottidis
37
What is the difference between phonation and articulation?
Phonation = Production of sound Articulation = Production of speech
38
What are some problems that can arise if there is no movement of warm, moist, clean air into and out of our lungs?
Cooling and drying out of the respiratory tract can damage the mucociliary escalator and predisposes to infection Breathing in foreign bodies can cause infection
39
What can be found on the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
3 small projections known as conchae
40
What are the 3 conchae of the nasal cavities?
Superior concha Middle concha Inferior concha
41
What is found beneath each nasal concha?
A meatus, named after the concha above
42
How is air humidified in the nasal cavity?
The respiratory epithelium of the nasal conchae secrete mucus which humidifies the air
43
How is air cleaned in the nasal cavity?
Mucus helps to trap foreign particles The tonsils also produce white blood cells which defend against infection
44
How is air warmed in the nasal cavity?
The respiratory mucosa of the conchae has a very rich arterial blood supply which helps to warm the air
45
What is the ring of tonsils in the nasopharynx and oropharynx known as?
Woldeyer's ring
46
What are tonsils and where are they found?
They are a part of the lymphatic system, located within the mucosal lining of the pharynx
47
What are the main structures of the chest wall?
Skin Superficial fascia Deep fascia Skeletal muscles Skeletal structures Diaphragm Parietal pleura
48
How many pairs of ribs are there?
12
49
Which ribs are known as true ribs?
Ribs 1-7
50
Which ribs are known as false ribs?
Ribs 8-10
51
Which ribs are known as floating ribs?
Ribs 11 and 12
52
What is the type of connection between the manubrium and the 1st rib?
A sternocostal articulation
53
What is the joint found between the manubrium and the clavicle?
Sternoclaviclular joint
54
What are the main features of a rib?
Head of the rib Neck of the rib Rib tubercle Body/shaft Costal groove Sternal end
55
What does the head of the rib articulate with?
The body of the vertebra of which it is named after, and the vertebra above it (e.g. rib 6 will articulate with T6 and T5)
56
What does the tubercle of the rib articulate with?
It articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra of which it is named
57
Where is the neck of the rib located?
Between the head of the rib and the rib tubercle
58
What is the function of the costal groove?
It is found on the inferior side of the rib and houses the intercostal neuromuscular bundle containing the intercostal nerve, artery and vein
59
What does the sternal end articulate with?
The lateral aspect of the sternum via its costal cartilage
60
What is the name of the joint between the rib and the vertebra?
Costovertebral joint (Synovial)
61
What is the name of the joint between the rib and the costal cartilage?
Costochondral joint
62
What is the name of the joint between the costal cartilage and the sternum?
Sternocostal joint
63
What are the 3 layers of intercostal muscle?
External intercostal muscle Internal intercostal muscle Innermost intercostal muscle
64
Where can the trachea be palpated?
At the jugular notch of the manubrium
65
At what level of the trachea is the isthmus of the thyroid gland located?
Anterior to tracheal cartilages 2-4
66
What are the 2 main types of pleura?
Parietal pleura - In contact with the body wall Visceral pleura - In contact with the lungs
67
What is found between the 2 layers of pleura?
A pleural cavity containing a thin layer of pleural fluid
68
How many intercostal spaces are there?
11
69
What forms the intercostal nerve?
The anterior ramus of the spinal nerve
70
Where does the intercostal artery supplying the posterior part of the intercostal space arise?
From the thoracic aorta
71
Where does the intercostal artery supplying the anterior part of the intercostal space arise?
The left or right internal thoracic artery
72
Where does blood from the posterior part of the intercostal space drain to?
Into the intercostal vein and then into the azygous vein
73
Where does blood from the anterior part of the intercostal space drain to?
Into the intercostal vein and then into the internal thoracic vein
74
What does the diaphragm allow to pass through?
The oesophagus, the aorta and the inferior vena cava
75
What is unusual about the diaphragm as a muscle?
It has a central tendon
76
Which dome of the diaphragm is more superior?
The right side due to the presence of the liver
77
Where does the muscular part of the diaphragm attach peripherally?
The sternum The lower 6 ribs and costal cartilages The L1-3 vertebral bodies
78
Which nerve supplies the diaphragm?
The phrenic nerve formed from the anterior rami of C3,4 and 5
79
What occurs during inspiration?
The diaphragm contracts and descends The intercostal muscles contract, elevating the ribs The chest walls pull the pleura with them, creating negative pressure in the lungs
80
What occurs during expiration?
The diaphragm relaxes and rises The intercostal muscles relax, lowing the ribs Elastic tissue of the lungs recoils, allowing airflow out of the lungs
81
What are the 4 quadrants of the female breast?
Superolateral (Upper outer) Superomedial (Upper inner) Inferolateral (Lower outer) Inferomedial (Lower inner)
82
What are the features of the central region of a breast?
Nipple Areola Axillary tail (Superolateral quadrant only)
83
What blood vessels supply the female breast?
Predominantly the internal thoracic artery, a branch of the subclavian Some blood supply does come from the lateral mammary artery
84
How is blood drained from the female breast?
It is predominantly drained by the internal thoracic vein, a branch of the subclavian vein Some blood drainage is supplied by the lateral mammary vein
85
How is lymph drained from the lateral quadrants of the female breast?
The lateral quadrants of the breasts are drained unilaterally into the axillary lymph nodes
86
How is lymph drained from the medial quadrants of the female breast?
The medial quadrants of the breast are drained bilaterally into the parasternal nodes (Meaning both sides drains to both the right and left parasternal nodes)
87
What are the main muscles of the anterolateral chest wall?
Pectoralis major Pectoralis minor Deltoid Serratus anterior (Anchors scapula to ribs) Latissimus dorsi
88
Which vein runs in the delta-pectoral groove?
The cephalic vein
89
How is the serratus anterior innervated?
It is supplied by a long thoracic nerve on its superficial surface, meaning it is vulnerable to injury
90
What occurs if the long thoracic nerve supplying the serratus anterior is damaged?
The scapula will no longer be attached to the ribs, so a winger scapula will appear when the arm is pushed against a wall (Test)
91
When does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?
When it passes beyond rib 1
92
What are the 4 parts of the parietal pleura?
Mediastinal parietal pleura - contact with mediastinum Diaphragmatic parietal pleura - contact with diaphragm Costal parietal pleura - contact with ribs Cervical parietal pleura - moves up into the neck
93
What is the inferior most crevice between the body wall and diaphragm called?
The costodiaphragmatic recess
94
What is the tip of the costodiaphragmatic recess known as?
The costophrenic angle
95
What is contained in the lung hilum?
1 main bronchus 1 pulmonary artery 2 pulmonary veins lymphatics visceral afferents sympathetic nerves parasympathetic nerves
96
At what level is the horizontal tissue of the right lung found?
At the level of rib 4
97
At what level is the oblique tissue of the right lung found?
Anteriorly at rib 6 then rising to T3 posteriorly
98
At what level is the apex of the lung found?
At the medial 3rd of the clavicle
99
At what level is the oblique fissure of the left lung found?
Anteriorly at rib 6 then rising to T3 posteriorly
100
At what level are the lung bases posteriorly?
The level of the T11 vertebra
101
Where is the scapula line found in surface anatomy?
The line passes through the lowest part of the scapula vertically

Respiratory (23 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions