anatomy of cerebrum & cerebellum

Question 1

the R and L hemispheres contain:

Answer 1

a deep longitudinal fissure that contains the corpus callosum

Question 2

the hemispheres = enveloped by:

Answer 2

the meninges (protection), where cerebrospinal fluid circulates

Question 3

the grey matter forms the:

Answer 3

(a collection of nerve cell bodies) outer layer surface of cerebral hemispheres

Question 4

the white matter:

Answer 4

(myelinated axons and forms a bulk of deeper structures), connects various areas of the cerebrum together (structurally + functionally)

Question 5

what is the only area that can be called the cerebral cortex ?

Answer 5

outer grey matter layer

Question 6

the cerebrum is derived embryologically from:

Answer 6

telencephalon

Question 7

what is the telencephalon/ cerebrum:

Answer 7

region of the brain that includes the cerebral cortex and the hippocampus and the basal ganglia

Question 8

diencephalon =

Answer 8

thalamus + hypothalamus + epithalamus + metathalamus

Question 9

allocortex ?

Answer 9

includes: - archicortex: has the hippocampus + dentate gyrus
- paleocortex: includes olfactory cortex

Question 10

each cerebral hemisphere has 6 lobes:

Answer 10

frontal + parietal + occipital + temporal + insula (central) + limbic
- among 2 cerebral, one is dominant by its functions, language speech + comprehension

Question 11

the cerebrum is full of:

Answer 11

grooves:

Question 12

the central sulcus separates:

Answer 12

frontal motor cortex from parietal sensory cortex

Question 13

the lateral (sylvian) sulcus separates:

Answer 13

the frontal lobe and the temporal lobe anteriorly and the parietal and temporal lobes posteriorly

Question 14

cingulate sulcus separates:

Answer 14

cingulate gyrus and the sup frontal and parietal gyrus

Question 15

parieto-occipital sulcus separates:

Answer 15

the parietal lobe and the occipital lobe

Question 16

the calcarine sulcus divides:

Answer 16

the occipital lobe horizontally into cuneus superior and lingual inferior gyus

Question 17

sulci and gyri of frontal lobe:

Answer 17

sulci: precentral + sup frontal + inf frontal + lateral
gyri: precentral + middle frontal + sup frontal + inf frontal + pars opercularis + pars orbitalis
OR
the anterior centoral (precentral) gyrus, the 1st frontal or superior, the 2nd frontal or middle, the 3rd frontal or lower (slide 26)

Question 18

para central lobule = (higher center for micturition and defecation)

Answer 18

continuation of precentral and postcentral gyri (It is formed by the union of the precentral and postcentral gyri, extending from the frontal lobe into the parietal lobe)
PS: pre-central = anterior to central sulcus + in frontal lobe and post-central = posterior to central sulcus = in parietal lobe

Question 19

Isthmus =

Answer 19

narrow region between splenium and calcarine sulcus

Question 20

sulci and gyri of temporal lobe:

Answer 20

sulci: inf temporal sulcus, post ramus of lat sulcus, sup temporal sulcus
gyri: sup temporal gyrus, inf temporal gyrus (in the extremity of the first temporal furrow by AREA OF WERNICKE responsible for the understanding of language), middle temporal gyrus
OR
the 1st temporal, superior. the 2nd temporal, middle the 3rd temporal, inferior. the 4th temporal, is located on the lower face. the 5th temporal, the most internal, is called the convolution of the hippocampus. Its anterior end curves into a hook, it is the uncus of the hippocampus.

Question 21

sulci and gyri of parietal lobe:

Answer 21

sulci: central (roland), lateral (sylvius), parieto-occipital
gyri:
✓the postcentoral gyrus
✓the superior parietal or
the 1st parietal
✓the inferior parietal or
the 2nd parietal.

Question 22

sulci and gyri of occipital lobe:

Answer 22

sulci: internal and external
perpendicular sulci.
gyri: cuneus, paraterminal gyrus, medial frontal gyrus, cingulate gyrus, precuneus, lunate, arcus gyrus, supp occipital gyrus, inf occipital gyrus parolfactory gyrus
OR
the 1st superior occipital. the middle 2nd occipital.the lower 3rd occipital. the 4th and 5th occipital are located on the underside the 6th occipital, called cuneus, occupies the internal face

Question 23

sulci and gyri of inferior surface: (orbital + tentorial parts)

Answer 23

sulci: orbital, olfactory, lateral, occipito-temporal (med + lat), uncus, collateral sulcus, rhinal
gyri: lat occipital gyrus, lingual gyrus, lat orbital gyrus, medial orbital gyrus, gyrus rectus, ant orbital gyrus, post orbital gyrus, medial occipital gyrus, lat occipital gyrus,

Question 24

Cerebrum = Separated from the cerebellum by

Answer 24

the tentorium of the cerebellum.

Question 25

cerebrum = separated from brainstem by:

Answer 25

transverse fissure of BICHAT: space delimited between the brainstem inside and the cerebral hemisphere outside

Question 26

Diencephalon encloses the:

Answer 26

3rd ventricle + thalamus + hypothalamus

Question 27

what is the diencephalon?

Answer 27

Posterior part of of the forebrain that connects midbrain with cerebral hemispheres

Question 28

cerebrum infrastructure: (united by?, separated incompletely by?)

Answer 28

*United by the interhemispheric commissures *Separated incompletely by the longitudinal fissure of the brain: falx cerebri.

Question 29

Falx cerebri

Answer 29

crescent-shaped invagination of the dura mater which separates the left and right cerebral hemisphere

Question 30

foramen of Pachionni

Answer 30

orifice delimited by the small circumference of the tentorium cerebelli, where the junction between the diencephalon and the mid brain is located

Question 31

cerebral cortex =

Answer 31

surface of the brain (with the lobes)

Question 32

The parieto-occipital sulcus:

Answer 32

separates occipital and parietal lobes

Question 33

The pre-occipital notch:

Answer 33

inconstant, limiting the occipital lobe in front, marks the boundary between the temporal and occipital lobes of the brain. It is an anatomical landmark

Question 34

insular lobe:

Answer 34

folded deep within the lateral sulcus

Question 35

The calloso-marginal fissure:

Answer 35

parallel to the corpus callosum

Question 36

The calcarine fissure: (slide 23)

Answer 36

a long horizontal groove extending from the occipital pole of the brain to the lower end of the internal perpendicular fissure, on the internal face of the hemisphere, and separating the fifth occipital gyrus from the sixth. (1; 2 et 3 c'est supp, middle et inf occipital gyri et les autres sont à côté)

Question 37

Insula lobe:

Answer 37

*located at the bottom of the Sylvian fissure. *It is divided into two lobules by a deep groove. *The anterior has 3 convolutions and the posterior has 2.

Question 38

corpus callosum:

Answer 38

forward: the genu which ends in the beak (rostrum) Backward: the splenium

Question 39

Fornix =

Answer 39

under corpus callosum (ac les balles) represents the largest single pathway of the hippocampus, connecting it to various subcortical structures. *located in the concavity of the corpus callosum *Anteriorly, it bifurcates into two anterior columns which join the mammillary bodies. *backward, we have the two posterior columns which end at the hippocampus

Question 40

telencephalic commissures: (c'est quoi + anterior et posterior + functions):

Answer 40

(papillon devant fornix): *The commissures are bundles of white matter that unite the two cerebral hemispheres - The anterior white commissure: in front of the fornix and the knee of the corpus callosum - The posterior white commissure: passes under the epiphysis in the posterior wall of the third ventricle - Functions: Cognition, memory, emotions

Question 41

grey matter location:

Answer 41

➢Peripheral cerebral cortex ➢The deep basal ganglia

Question 42

white matter location:

Answer 42

centrium ovale+ capsules

Question 43

what ventricles communicate with the 3rd ventricule through the foramen of M...

Answer 43

The lateral ventricles which communicate with the third ventricle through the foramens of MONRO

Question 44

gray matter function:

Answer 44

Production of thoughts, Behavoral control. Perception of the outside world, interprets sensory info from various parts of the body

Question 45

cerebral cortex functions:

Answer 45

Interprets sensory information from various parts of the body ➢Production of thoughts. ➢Behavoral control. ➢Perception of the outside worl

Question 46

basal ganglia: (slide 43)

Answer 46

*Three pairs of main nuclei: The caudate nucleus lenticular nucleus The tonsillar nucleus *Two pairs of accessory nucleus: locus niger Subthalamic nucleus

Question 47

basal ganglia nuclei:

Answer 47

* The basal ganglia consist of five pairs of nuclei: ➢ caudate nucleus ➢ Putamen ➢ globus pallidus ➢ subthalamic nucleus (diencephalon) ➢ and substantia nigra (mesencephalon) * Striatum, which further consists of the: – Dorsal striatum, made by the caudate nucleus and putamen – Ventral striatum, composed of nucleus accumbens and olfactory tubercle (this part of the striatum is considered part of the limbic system)

Question 48

caudate nuclei relationships: (slide 47)

Answer 48

* The head of the nucleus contributes to the lateral wall of the lateral ventricle. * The tail of the caudate nucleus forms the roof of the inferior horn of the lateral ventricle. * It arches over the ventral surface of the thalamus, enters the temporal lobe and terminates by connecting with the amygdala. * The rostral portion of the caudate nucleus is continuous with the putamen, and inferiorly it’s bordered by nucleus accumbens.

Question 49

putamens relationships:

Answer 49

* It is the most lateral of the basal ganglia on the axial section of the brain. * The putamen lies laterally to the globus pallidus and medially to the external capsule, covering it like a shell and extending both rostrally and caudally. * It is encircled by the caudate nucleus, from which it is separated by the internal capsule.

Question 50

globulus pallidus relationships: (slide 49)

Answer 50

* The globus pallidus is a paired subcortical structure, situated medially to the putamen * It is divided by a vertically placed sheet of white matter, the medial (internal) medullary lamina, into external (GPe) and internal (GPi) segments

Question 51

subthalamic nucleus relationships:

Answer 51

* The subthalamic nucleus lies at the junction of the diencephalon and midbrain * ventral to the thalamus and ventro-lateral to the red nucleus. * Anteriorly its bordered by the substantia nigra and medially by the internal capsule. * It’s a neurostimulation target in parkinson’s disease

Question 52

substancia nigra relationships:

Answer 52

within the anterior part of the midbrain, between the cerebral peduncle and tegmentum of the midbrain. * Despite its location in the midbrain, function-wise it is considered part of basal ganglia. * The substantia nigra consists of two parts with very different connections and functions: the pars compacta (SNc) and the pars reticulata (SNr) * It divides the cerebral peduncles from the tegmentum within both sides of the midbrain. * Dorso-medially it is bordered by the subthalamic and red nuclei, and laterally by the medial lemniscus and the geniculate bodies.

Question 53

basal ganglia functions: (+ what it functions with etc...)

Answer 53

- responsible primarily for motor control, as well as other roles such as motor learning, executive functions and behaviors, and emotions. - They form a part of the extrapyramidal motor system and work with the pyramidal and limbic systems. - Their proper functioning requires dopamine to be released at the input nuclei. - It divides the cerebral peduncles from the tegmentum within both sides of the midbrain. - Dorso-medially it is bordered by the subthalamic and red nuclei, and laterally by the medial lemniscus and the geniculate bodies.

Question 54

pyramidal tract:

Answer 54

*The corticospinal tract or the pyramidal tract, is the major neuronal pathway providing voluntary motor function. *The corticospinal tract originates primarily from the primary motor cortex *The corticospinal tracts come together travel through the internal capsule and cerebral peduncles. The bundles then travel down to the brainstem. *A majority of its fibers decussate to the contralateral side within the medulla then continues to travel down the spinal cord to provide innervation to the distal extremities and muscle groups.

Question 55

hemispheres control: (R + L hemispheres functions)

Answer 55

Each hemisphere controls the opposite side of the body. If a stroke occurs on the right side of the brain, your left arm or leg may be weak or paralyzed. the left hemisphere controls speech, comprehension, arithmetic, and writing. The right hemisphere controls creativity, spatial ability, artistic, and musical skills. *The left hemisphere is dominant in hand use and language in about 92% of people.

Question 56

frontal lobe functions:

Answer 56

Personality, behavior, emotionsJudgment, planning, problem solving Speech: speaking and writing (Broca’s area) Body movement (motor strip) Intelligence, concentration, self awareness

Question 57

temporal lobe functions:

Answer 57

Understanding language (Wernicke’s area) Memory Hearing Sequencing and organization

Question 58

parietal lobe functions:

Answer 58

Interprets language, words Sense of touch, pain, temperature (sensory strip) Interprets signals from vision, hearing, motor, sensory and memory Spatial and visual perception

Question 59

occipital lobe functions:

Answer 59

Interprets vision (color, light, movement)

Question 60

cerebrellum = connected to brainstem by:

Answer 60

by three fibre tracts known as cerebellar peduncles

Question 61

role of cerebrellum:

Answer 61

motor movement regulation, tonus and balance control

Question 62

location of cerebellum: (inferior to truc lalala)

Answer 62

in the posterior cerebral fossa - inferior to the tentorium cerebelli - behind the pons and medulla oblongata - separated from these structures by cavity of fourth ventricle PS: two large lobes called cerebellar hemispheres. They are united to each other by a median portion, vermis.

Question 63

fissures that divide the cerebellum:

Answer 63

*The primary fissure divides the smaller anterior and larger posterior lobes *The posterolateral fissure demarcates the flocculonodular lobe *The horizontal fissure divides the cerebellum into superior and inferior portions

Question 64

the lobes of the cerebellum

Answer 64

➢The anterior lobe ➢The posterior lobe ➢The flocculonodular lobe. It is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms (archicerebellum) and participates mainly in balance and spatial orientation. (the little one internally)

Question 65

grey + white matter locations:

Answer 65

➢on the surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex. ➢the four cerebellar nuclei (the dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigi nuclei). * White matter: located underneath the cerebellar cortex and between the cerebellar nuclei, it called cerebellum tree of life * Ependymal canal: fourth ventricle

Question 66

relationships of cerebellum

Answer 66

* Superior ➢ the great cerebral vein of Galen ➢ the straight sinus (in the midline of the tentorium cerebelli) ➢ the occipital lobe is also superior to the cerebellum. * Anterior ➢ the brainstem ➢ the fourth ventricle. ➢ the distal end of the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, and the corpora quadrigemini * Downward: ➢ the foramen magnum ➢ the cisterns * Posterior and lateral ➢ the occipital bone and its overlying layer of dura mater ➢ The sigmoid sinuses are also found inferiorly ➢ the occipital sinus (if present) and the confluence of sinuses are both posteriorly related.

Question 67

cerebellum vasculature

Answer 67

three paired arteries: * Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) * Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) * Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) * The SCA and AICA are branches of the basilar artery, which wraps around the anterior aspect of the pons before reaching the cerebellum. The PICA is a branch of the vertebral artery. * Venous drainage of the cerebellum is by the superior and inferior cerebellar veins. They drain into the superior petrosal, transverse and straight dural venous sinuses.

Question 68

functional subdivisions of cerebellum:

Answer 68

* Vestibulocerebellum. The vestibulocerebellum comprises the flocculonodular lobe and its connections with the lateral vestibular nuclei: postural maintenance. * Spinocerebellum. The spinocerebellum comprises the vermis and the intermediate zones of the cerebellar cortex, it receives major inputs from the spinocerebellar tract. It is involved in the integration of sensory input with motor commands to produce adaptive motor coordination. * Cerebrocerebellum. its extensive connections with the cerebral cortex. It is involved in the planning and timing of movements

Question 69

cerebral hemispheres (what it is composed of + embryological unfolding):

Answer 69

telencephalon: cortex, subcortical structures, lateral ventricles

Question 70

what is the tentorium cerebelli ?

Answer 70

is a thick, dura mater (outermost membrane covering the brain) fold that separates the cerebellum (located in the lower part of the brain) from the occipital lobes of the cerebrum (upper brain)

Question 71

which sulci is the parietal lobe located between:

Answer 71

central, lateral and parieto-occipital

Question 72

AREA OF WERNICKE = (what makes 2nd temporal furrow):

Answer 72

- responsible for the understanding of language. - Wernicke's area is a critical language area in the posterior superior temporal lobe connects to Broca's area via a neural pathway. - located in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus in the dominant cerebral hemisphere

Question 73

temporal lobe location:

Answer 73

below the frontal and parietal lobes and forward of the occipital lobe

Question 74

cerebellum relationships:

Answer 74

➢inferior to the tentorium cerebelli ➢behind the pons and medulla oblongata ➢separated from these structures by cavity of fourth ventricle.

Question 75

cerebellum functions:

Answer 75

➢Motor mouvement control ➢Balance regulation ➢muscle tone control

Question 76

Some of the fissures are used as landmarks to divide the cerebellum into lobes:

Answer 76

*The primary fissure divides the smaller anterior and larger posterior lobes *The posterolateral fissure demarcates the flocculonodular lobe *The horizontal fissure divides the cerebellum into superior and inferior portions

Question 77

cerebellum 3 lobes:

Answer 77

➢The anterior lobe ➢The posterior lobe ➢The flocculonodular lobe. It is the oldest part of the brain in evolutionary terms (archicerebellum) and participates mainly in balance and spatial orientation (Each lobe is deviated by secondary furrows into lobules, then into lamellae by tertiary furrows)

Question 78

the 3 cerebellar peduncles that connect cerebellum to brainstem:

Answer 78

➢Superior peduncle connects cerebellum with midbrain ➢middle with pons ➢inferior with medulla oblongata

Question 79

grey VS white VS ependymal of cerebellum (location):

Answer 79

* Grey matter located: ➢on the surface of the cerebellum. It is tightly folded, forming the cerebellar cortex. ➢the four cerebellar nuclei (the dentate, emboliform, globose, and fastigi nuclei). * White matter: located underneath the cerebellar cortex and between the cerebellar nuclei, it called cerebellum tree of life * Ependymal canal: fourth ventricle

Question 80

cerebellum relationships (part2):

Answer 80

* Superior ➢ the great cerebral vein of Galen ➢ the straight sinus (in the midline of the tentorium cerebelli) ➢ the occipital lobe is also superior to the cerebellum. * Anterior ➢ the brainstem ➢ the fourth ventricle. ➢ the distal end of the cerebral aqueduct of Sylvius, and the corpora quadrigemini * Downward: ➢ the foramen magnum ➢ the cisterns * Posterior and lateral ➢ the occipital bone and its overlying layer of dura mater ➢ The sigmoid sinuses are also found inferiorly ➢ the occipital sinus (if present) and the confluence of sinuses are both posteriorly related.

Question 81

cerebellum vasculature (part 2):

Answer 81

Superior cerebellar artery (SCA) * Anterior inferior cerebellar artery (AICA) * Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) * The SCA and AICA are branches of the basilar artery, which wraps around the anterior aspect of the pons before reaching the cerebellum. The PICA is a branch of the vertebral artery. * Venous drainage of the cerebellum is by the superior and inferior cerebellar veins. They drain into the superior petrosal, transverse and straight dural venous sinuses. (go all into jugular vein (pr l'endroit))

Question 82

centrum semioval:

Answer 82

is a paired mass of white matter superior to the lateral ventricles and corpus callosum, present in each of the cerebralhemispheres, subjacent to the cerebral cortex

Question 83

location of capsules (white matter) (slide 41):

Answer 83

✓ Internal: between the thalamus and cap of caudate nucleus medially and the lenticular nucleus laterally ✓ external: between the lenticular nucleus medialy and the claustrum laterally ✓ Extreme : outside the claustrum

Question 84

functions of each lobe:

Answer 84

slide 56

Question 85

R + L hemisphere functions:

Answer 85

slide 57