Anatomy of the spinal cord:

Question 1

the spinal cord starts and ends:

Answer 1

• starts: at foramen of magnum
• ends: at L1-L2 vertebrae (conus medularis)

Question 2

the spinal canal surrounds:

Answer 2

the spinal cord to protect it

Question 3

what do we find anteriorly to the vertebral body ? (as in arteries)

Answer 3

thoracic aorta with the posterior intercostal arteries

Question 4

• the info from posterior horn:
• the info from the anterior horn:

Answer 4

• comes into
• comes out

Question 5

• the 2 anterior sulcus = (which cords)
• the 2 posterior sulcus =

Answer 5

• delimit the motor cords
• the posterior sensory cords

Question 6

the posterior and anterior cord arise from:

Answer 6

the vertebral artery = branch of the subclavian artery

Question 7

the spinal arteries arise from:

Answer 7

the ascending cervical artery

Question 8

on the thoracic level (T1): (what gives rise to what):

Answer 8

the thoracic aorta gives rise to the anterior and posterior spinal cord arteries

Question 9

the lower spinal cord arteries = branches of:

Answer 9

the lumbar artery

Question 10

the lumbar artery = branch of:

Answer 10

the abdominal aorta

Question 11

the sacral artery = branch of:

Answer 11

the internal iliac artery

Question 12

how many pairs of spinal nerves does the human have?

Answer 12

31

Question 13

Artery of Adam Kewitz (supply?)

Answer 13

supplies the 2/3rds of the spinal cord
- if occlusion = can cause paraplegia (at the lumbar level)

Question 14

Where do the meninges accompany the lateral roots to?

Answer 14

to the foramen into the spinal nerve sheath

Question 15

in medullaris (under L2) (what do we find?) = within subarachnoid also

Answer 15

it’s the site where CSF can be accessed

Question 16

what do we find between the pia matter and the arachnoid space ?

Answer 16

the subarachnoid space

Question 17

the CSF flows through:

Answer 17

the central canal at the middle of the spinal cord and provides the brain and the spinal cord with nutrients

Question 18

The CSF is produced in:

Answer 18

the brain’s ventricles
choronoid plexus

Question 19

the cauda equina is within:

Answer 19

the subarachnoid space

Question 20

above the dura we find (between dura and spinal canal):

Answer 20

the epidural space

Question 21

the pia matter ends anteriorly and continues as:

Answer 21

the filum terminale (inferiorly)

Question 22

between dura matter and arachnoid matter we find:

Answer 22

subdural space

Question 23

in the intermediate furrow of the cervical cord we find:

Answer 23

• anteriorly: the bundle of GOLL
• a bit posteriorly: the bundle of BURDACH

Question 24

the 3 horns and their functions:

Answer 24

• anterior = motor
• posterior = sensitive
• lateral = visceromotor anteriorly and viscerosensitive posteriorly

Question 25

the spinal canal (vertebral column), (anatomy of each side):

Answer 25

- anteriorly: vertebral bodies (foramina) + reinforced at the walls through the intervertebral discs - anteriorly + posteriorly = longitudinal ligaments - posteriorly = laminae + yellow ligaments - laterally = spinal nerves emerge (surrounded by articular processes + pedicles) - from spinal cord + through intervertebral foramina = enter peripheral nervous system

Question 26

the spinal nerves (where they're formed from + where sensory and motor roots are located):

Answer 26

- formed by merging of 2 roots: sensory and motor - sensory = from back of spinal cord - motor = from front of spinal cord

Question 27

function of CSF for brain:

Answer 27

acts as a hydraulic buffer, stabilising it with the vertebral canal

Question 28

where is the brainstem located (junction):

Answer 28

at bulbomedullary junctions

Question 28

the reflexes of spinal cord:

Answer 28

- most functions of the spinal cord = from brain, but some reflexes = in spinal cord independently = they're either monosynaptic or polysynaptic - the spinal cord neural pathway = within the white matter

Question 29

enlargements in spinal cord (les trucs de vertebres)

Answer 29

. Cervical: origin of brachial plexus . Lumbar: origin of lumbosacral plexus

Question 30

the spinal curvatures (voir pic 2 google doc):

Answer 30

double S open with 3 curvatures (spinal curvatures) . Cervical lordosis (between C1 and C7) . Dorsal kyphosis (between C7 and T12) . Lumbar lordosis (between T12 and L2)

Question 31

where can we do lumbar puncture ?

Answer 31

between the spinous processes of the 3rd and 4th lumbar vertebrae or 4th and 5th lumbar vertebrae.

Question 32

longitudinal grooves of the spinal cord:

Answer 32

- the deep anterior fissure, - shallow posterior median sulcus, - anterolateral and posterolateral sulci, and root filaments emerging on each side

Question 33

the 3 furrows in anterior side of spinal cord:

Answer 33

➢ The anterior median fissure ➢ The right and left anterior collateral sulcus (birth of the ventral motor roots) Delimit two front motor cords. At the level of the anterior collateral furrows appear the anterior motor roots (drawing notebook)

Question 34

the 3 furrows in posterior side of spinal cord:

Answer 34

-There are 3 furrows on the posterior surface of the SC: -The posterior median sulcus. And then on both sides: * The right and left posterior collateral sulcus. -The two sulcus delimit the posterior sensory cord. -At the level of the posterior collateral furrows the posterior sensory roots end with the dorsal root ganglio

Question 35

On either side of the ependyma canal are:

Answer 35

* the anterior grey commissure * the posterior grey commissure.

Question 36

motor descending tract (what are his tracts/pathways):

Answer 36

- pyramidal beam (crossed and direct) - lateral corticospinal tract - ventral corticospinal

Question 37

sensory ascending tracts:

Answer 37

- lateral spinothalamic tract (pain, temperature) - ventral spinothalamic (light touch) - lemniscal tract - dorsal columns (deep touch, propioception, vibration)

Question 38

spinal cord = (within)

Answer 38

vertebral canal

Question 39

vertebral column: anatomical relationships:

Answer 39

* Formed by the vertebral foramina of the vertebral bodies ➢ anteriorly by : the vertebral bodies (reinforced at the walls through the intervertebral disks and the anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments) ➢ posteriorly by the laminae (vertebral arches) and yellow ligaments ➢ Laterally by articular processes and pedicles * Laterally, the spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and pass through the intervertebral foramina, where they enter the peripheral nervous system.

Question 40

diameter of spinal cord contains:

Answer 40

➢Spinal cord ➢Meninges ➢blood vessels ➢Spinal nerve roots and surrounding fatty and connective tissues

Question 41

The 3 meninges and in between: (look notebook for drawing):

Answer 41

* the pia mater * The arachnoid mater * The dura mater. * These meninges delimit spaces: ➢ Peri-dural space: between dura mater and spinal canal, it is filled with fat and venous plexus. ➢ Subdural space between arachnoid and dura matter ➢ Subarachnoid space : between the arachnoid and pia mater filled by CSF

Question 42

fixations of the spinal cord:

Answer 42

* The brainstem at the bulbomedullary junction * The denticulate ligaments, extensions of the pia mater, anchor the spinal cord laterally to the dura mater, helping to maintain its position. * The filum terminale, a fibrous extension of the pia mater, extends from the conus medullaris and attaches to the coccyx, providing longitudinal stability. * the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that fills the subarachnoid space cushions the spinal cord and acts as a hydraulic buffer, further stabilising it within the vertebral canal.

Question 43

the meninges (what do they become?), (same ending as the muscles in abd wall!!)

Answer 43

accompany the roots laterally to the foramen & gradually transform into the spinal nerve sheath

Question 44

spinal cord = supplied by branches of:

Answer 44

the vertebral and segmental arteries

Question 44

the arterial axes: vertical:

Answer 44

- Anterior spinal axis: houses the anterior median furrow. - Posterior spinal axis : two in number and house the posterior collateral groove

Question 45

segmental axes:

Answer 45

Each medullary segment receives its segmental artery - At the cervical level (ascending cervical artery and vertebral arteries) - At the dorsal level (5th intercostal artery) - At the lumbar level: we have the ADAM – KIEWICZ artery

Question 46

anastomoses between 2 arteries + terminal arteries

Answer 46

Perimedullary arterial circle: Origin: - Anastomosis between the radiculomedullary arteries and the anterior and posterior spinal axes Termination: - Short superficial arteries: for white matter. - Long deep arteries: for grey matter

Question 47

Presence of a perimedullary venous network which will drain into 3 main satellite veins to the spinal axes: (photo google doc + slide 32)

Answer 47

Spinal veins = The epidural venous plexus = The venous network = peri-spinal veins

Question 48

31 spinal segments giving:

Answer 48

➢ 8 pairs of cervical nerves 12 pairs of thoracic nerves 5 pairs of lumbar nerves, ➢ 5 pairs of sacral nerves ➢ 1 pair of coccygeal nerves (Ponytail: lumbosacral nerves

Question 49

spinal nerve posterior and back anterior branches:

Answer 49

- small posterior branch intended for the sensory or motor innervation of the back - large anterior branch intended for the innervation of the trunk and limbs

Question 50

Spinal cord neural pathway found in:

Answer 50

within spinal cord's white matter

Question 51

- Ascending tracts convey information from: - Descending tracts convey information from:

Answer 51

- periphery to the brain - brain to the periphery