Anatomy of CVS

Question 1

Where is the heart located?

Answer 1

Middle mediastinum

Question 2

Where are blood vessels NOT located?

Answer 2

Cartilage

Question 3

Where are lymphatics NOT located?

Answer 3

Brain

Eyes

Question 4

What are the two main circulations of the CVS?

Answer 4

Pulmonary (heart - lungs - heart)

Systemic (heart - body - heart)

Question 5

What is an additional circulation?

Answer 5

Hepatic portal circulation

Question 6

What are the anterior relations of the heart?

Answer 6

Sternum
Costal cartilages 4 - 7
Anterior edges of lungs and pleurae
Thymic remnants

Question 7

Posterior relations of heart

Answer 7

Oesophagus
Descending aorta
Thoracic vertebrae 5 - 8

Question 8

Lateral relations of heart

Answer 8

Lungs

Phrenic nerve

Question 9

Inferior relations of heart

Answer 9

Central tendon of diaphragm

Question 10

What is the sternal angle?

Answer 10

T4

Question 11

Layers of the heart

Answer 11

Endocardium (innermost)
Myocardium (Middle)
Epicardium (outermost)
Pericardial cavity

Question 12

Histology of endocardium

Answer 12

Simple squamous
Single layer
Bit of connective tissue

Question 13

Histology of myocardium

Answer 13

Cardiac muscle

Intercalated discs, branching fibres

Question 14

Histology of epicardium

Answer 14

Simple squamous
One layer thick
Connective tissue underneath

Question 15

What is the pericardial cavity filled with?

Answer 15

Fluid

Question 16

What lines the heart chambers?

Answer 16

Endocardium

Question 17

What forms valves?

Answer 17

Endocardium (due to projections)

Question 18

What cells make up cardiac muscle?

Answer 18

Myocytes

Question 19

What are myocytes connected by?

Answer 19

Intercalated discs

Question 20

What are intercalated discs?

Answer 20

Complex junctions that connect myocytes

Question 21

What do desmosomes do?

Answer 21

Connect at horizontal interface and bind myocytes together

Question 22

What do gap junctions do?

Answer 22

Connect at vertical interface

Question 23

What does the epicardium contain?

Answer 23

Main branches of coronary arteries

Question 24

What may happen to the epicardium?

Answer 24

May become fatty

Question 25

What is the mediastinum divided into?

Answer 25

Superior (above T4) | Inferior (T4 to diaphragm)

Question 26

What is the inferior mediastinum divided into?

Answer 26

Anterior Middle Posterior

Question 27

What lies in the anterior mediastinum until puberty?

Answer 27

Thymus gland

Question 28

Surface anatomy of heart

Answer 28

5th L intercostal space midclavicular line

Question 29

What are the heart chambers?

Answer 29

Right atrium Right ventricle Left atrium Left ventricle

Question 30

What is the direction of blood flow controlled by?

Answer 30

Valves

Question 31

Function of heart valves

Answer 31

Control direction of blood flow

Question 32

What are cusps?

Answer 32

Thin structures derived from the endocardium

Question 33

What prevents valve failure?

Answer 33

Chordae tendinae | Papillary muscles

Question 34

Definition of valve incompetence

Answer 34

Widening of the valves

Question 35

Definition of valve stenosis

Answer 35

Narrowing of the valves

Question 36

How many cusps does the aortic valve have?

Answer 36

3

Question 37

How many cusps does the pulmonary valve have?

Answer 37

3

Question 38

How many cusps does the tricuspid valve have?

Answer 38

3

Question 39

How many cusps does the mitral valve have?

Answer 39

2

Question 40

What is another name for the mitral valve?

Answer 40

Bicuspid valve

Question 41

What are the tricuspid and bicuspid valves known as?

Answer 41

Atrio-ventricular valves

Question 42

What are the pulmonary and the aortic valves known as?

Answer 42

Semilunar valves

Question 43

What is the predominant nerve in the heart?

Answer 43

Vagus

Question 44

What is the predominant force on the heart?

Answer 44

Parasympathetic system

Question 45

Attachments of the heart

Answer 45

Sternum Central tendon of the diaphragm Roots of great vessels

Question 46

What is the heart lined by?

Answer 46

Serous pericardium

Question 47

What does serous pericardium secrete?

Answer 47

Pericardial fluid

Question 48

What does pericardial fluid act as?

Answer 48

A lubricant

Question 49

Layers of the pericardium

Answer 49

Visceral | Parietal

Question 50

What is the visceral layer bound to?

Answer 50

Heart (epicardium)

Question 51

What is the parietal layer bound to?

Answer 51

Fibrous pericardium

Question 52

What do the two layers of the pericardium allow?

Answer 52

Freedom of movement during the cardiac cycle

Question 53

How do the coronary arteries fill up?

Answer 53

At systole - openings in aortic sinuses shielded by aortic valve cusps At diastole - elastic recoil of aorta closes the aortic valve and blood enters the arteries

Question 54

Where are the coronary arteries located?

Answer 54

Epicardium