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PBB > ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PLANT BODY(CHAPTER FOURTEEN) > Flashcards

ANATOMY OF FLOWERING PLANTS: ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY AND SECONDARY PLANT BODY(CHAPTER FOURTEEN) Flashcards

1
Q

The embryo consists of an upper_____ and lower______ primordia.

A
  1. apical shoot
  2. apical root
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2
Q

The ______ root and shoot develop into the miniature root and shoot systems..

A

Primordial

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3
Q

What is the tunica-corpus theory?

A

the three mature plant tissue systems-epidermis, cortex and the stele or vascular regions are derived from two major lines of meristematic activities.

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4
Q

The tunica layer develops into the_____ . The corpus develops to form the ______
by continuous growth, division and differentiation upwards and sideways.

A
  1. epidermal layer
  2. cortex and stele
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5
Q

What are the mature plant tissue systems?

A

epidermis, cortex and the stele or vascular regions

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6
Q

Buds are said to be exogenous because?

A

They have superficial source

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7
Q

The proto-phloem and -xylem in the bundles give rise to ______.
The procambial cells are differentiated into the ______ and itself being thinned down to a strip of ____ in between the two.

A
  1. the meta-phloem and -xylem
  2. phloem and xylem elements
  3. cambium cells
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8
Q

In the monocotyledonous stem there are

A

numerous vascular bundles with no arrangement, lack cambium and are sheathed by sclerenchyma cells.

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9
Q

At the early stage, cambium are called _____. since they are of the vascular bundle, and they become actively meristematic and lodge in between the phloem and xylem and are then referred to as the ______.

A
  1. fascicular cambium
  2. interfascicular cambium
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10
Q

A ring of the _____ form round and becomes the cambium ring

A
  1. interfascicular cambial cells
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11
Q

Function of the fusiform initial cells?

A

give rise to elongated cells of the secondary xylem parenchyma as well as the phloem sieve tubes, companion cells, fibres and phloem parenchyma.

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12
Q

Function of the ray initial cells ?

A

produce the secondary medullary rays that cut across the xylem and phloem sieve tubes, companion cells, fibres and phloem parenchyma.

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13
Q

Between the Xylem and the phloem which of them increases more

A

Xylem

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14
Q

What is annual or growth ring.

A

The growing season ring or early wood and the drier season ring or late wood lie together as a concentric ring called

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15
Q

What’s the heartwood?

A

The part of the xylem that becomes darker in colour When the central xylem becomes non-functional due to clogging with oils and gums and death of the parenchyma cells.

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16
Q

The heartwood is lined by the?

A

outer lighter, sap-conducting-wood called sapwood.

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17
Q

The heartwood only provides _____ while the sapwood _______

A
  1. mechanical support
  2. conducts water and dissolved salts.
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18
Q

What is the epidermis of dicot stem?

A

This is the outermost layer of cells consisting of thickened, cutinized epidermal cells.

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19
Q

What is the Cortex of dicot stem?

A

These are series of layers of cells below the epidermis delimited to the inside by the endodermis.

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20
Q

What is the endodermis of the dicot stem?

A

The innermost cortical cells which possess starch grains known as the starch sheath.

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21
Q

What is the Pericycle of the dicot stem?

A

This is the layer between the endodermis and the vascular bundle.
They consists of parenchyma and sclerenchyma cells.

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22
Q

What is a hardbast?

A

These are sclerenchyma cells that are associated with the phloem or bast

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23
Q

What is the vascular bundle of the dicot stem?

A

several groups of cells beneath the pericyle which comprises the phloem, cambium and xylem.

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24
Q

What is a phloem ?

A

This is the first layer of the bundle which consists of the sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma. Below the phloem lies the cambium.

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25
Q

______ vessels are differentiated into the bigger ones and constitute the net-like or reticulate and ones with small pits.

A
  1. metaxylem vessels
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26
Q

________ vessels are the smaller ones, that are annular, spiral and scarlariform in the way their walls are thickened.

A

the protoxylem.

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27
Q

What are wood vessel?

A

These are some characteristically large cells in the xylem, arranged in a radial row

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28
Q

What is the trachieds ;

A

are small thick walled cells in between and around the metaxylems.

29
Q

What is the wood parenchyma?

A

includes the thin walled cells lying within and surrounding the protoxylem.

30
Q

What is the Pith of dicot stem?

A

This is the central core of larger cells with many interspaces.

31
Q

the monocotyledonous stems undergo only primary growth because they do not have the?

A

vascular cambium.

32
Q

Monocot stem lateral increase in size results from the enlargement of _____ earlier formed by the apical meristem.

A

parenchymatous pith cells

33
Q

What is the epidermis of the monocot stem?

A

The outer limit of the stem made of thick-walled cells and pierced by stomata openings.

34
Q

A layer of ____ is seen to envelope the epidermis on the outside while a small layer of ____ cells line under the epidermis on the inside

A
  1. cuticle
  2. sclerenchymatous
35
Q

What is the ground tissue of the monocot stem?

A

This consists of parenchyma cells making up the whole interior of the Stem. thin walled cells extending from below the sclerenchyma under the epidermis to the centre and there are lots of intercellular spaces present.

36
Q

What is the vascular bundle of the monocot stem?

A

This is scattered throughout the stem. They are smaller and more in number at the section nearer the epidermis. Each bundle contains the phloem at the upper and the xylem at the lower portion but with no cambium.

37
Q

What is the vascular bundle of the Dicot root? These include the caltrogen, which produces: the root cap histogens, the dermatogen which produces the epidermal histogen, the periblem which produces the contex histogen and the plerome which produces the vascular histogen.

A
38
Q

The Four groups of histogen initials that are involved in the apical development of the root are;
And what they produce

A
  1. calyptrogen, which produces the root cap histogens
  2. the dermatogen which produces the epidermal histogen
  3. the periblem which produces the cortex histogen
  4. the plerome which produces the vascular histogen.
39
Q

What increase the surface area for greater water and mineral salt absorption?

A

root hairs

40
Q

The primary cortex consists of large zone of ______ and bounded on the inside by the ______

A
  1. parenchyma cells
  2. endodermis
41
Q

The central stele( vascular bundle) consists of ;

A

a cross-like xylem and the phloem on their outside archs.

42
Q

The ____ of dicot root is at the centre of the xylem while the______ is around and above the phloem near the pericycle.

A
  1. metaxylem
  2. protoxylem
43
Q

Generally in the primary root, the epidermal layer surrounds the new and developing _____ which in turn encloses the_____ from which the ______.

A
  1. cortex
  2. procambium
  3. vascular stele differentiates
44
Q

The primary root tissue arrangement is the same in monocot as in dicot except

A

for the number of xylem and phloem and the presence of central pith.

45
Q

cambial cells are produced by

A

the parenchyma

46
Q

Between monocot root and dicot which of them posses additional histogens?
And what is the additional histogen?

A
  1. Dicot roots
  2. Dermatogen
47
Q

______ assumes meristematic function and grows tickwards towards the epidemils.

A

The pericyle

48
Q

the cortex region starts the secondary thickening with the help of the

A

cork cambium or phellogen

49
Q

As the whole inner system expands the entire cortex with the endodermis cracks and is sloughed off as

A

the bark.

50
Q

lateral root starts

A

with increase in cell number at the pericycle and eventual bulging into the cortex.

51
Q

_______ is the one-cell-thick epidermal layer of the root,

A

The epiblema

52
Q

______ makes up the bulk of the internal portion of the root as it extends from the epiblema down to the endodermis.

A

The cortex

53
Q

Absorption of water and mineral salts occur mainly through

A

the root hairs.

54
Q

______ helps for food storage and it also provides a passage for water.

A

Cortex

55
Q

_____ is the thickened innermost layer of cells surrounding the stale with the pericycle.

A

The endodermis.

56
Q

_______ is a one-celled layer enclosing the vascular bundle.

A

The pericycle

57
Q

xylem include the large central_____ and smaller _____ vessels at the extremities.

A
  1. Metaxylem
  2. protoxylem
58
Q

The only difference between the dicot and monocot roots is that the monocot xylem vessels in the bundle are arranged in

A

a circle around the stele.

59
Q

The central pith consists of a mass of

A

parenchymatous cells.

60
Q

the apical initials helps in the

A
  1. production of the undifierentiated complete leaf.
  2. Increase in the length of the developing leaf
61
Q

subapical cell initials cause the increase in

A

length and thickness of the primordial leat.

62
Q

The marginal meristems ditferentiate into

A

the mesophyll and epidermal tissues.

63
Q

The ____ epidermis is used for the exchange of gases and removal of
- excess water.

A

lower

64
Q

What are guard cells?

A

The two living cells, which flank the stoma and containing chloroplasts.

65
Q

What is the of the mesophyll?

A

manufacture of sugar and starch in the presence of sunlight.

66
Q

_______ gives the mesophyll its characteristic function,

A

palisade parenchyma

67
Q

What is the function of the spongy layer?

A

is the diffusion of gases through the air spaces.

68
Q

What is a Multicostate or reticulately palmate venation?

A

many equally strong midribs arising from the end of the petiole and eithef running to the margin of the leaf e g. pawpaw (Carica papaya). or running to the apex of the leal e g. the yam (Dioscorea alata).

69
Q

Pinnately or unicostately parallel

A

major strong midrib with smaller veins running parallel to the margin e g banana (Musa sapientom).

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