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PBB > PHYSIOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS (CHAPTER FIFTEEN) > Flashcards

PHYSIOLOGY OF FLOWERING PLANTS (CHAPTER FIFTEEN) Flashcards

1
Q

Mineral salts are taken up into plants as

A

ions

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2
Q

If the concentration of salts in water is high what happens?

A

plants show symptoms of drought such as witting, reduced growh and colour change.

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3
Q

Soils with high amount of salts are said to be

A

saline

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4
Q

soils with high sodium levels are said to be?

A

sodic.

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5
Q

Saline soils occurs when ?

A

the supply of salts exceeds the normal removal of the salts.

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6
Q

Hygroscopic water passes slowly through the large soil particules by_____ and as such the root hairs cannot absorb it.

A

percolation

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7
Q

Water available to plants is

A

capillary water.

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8
Q

What is hygroscopic water.?

A

This is the water that usually moves downwards in response to gravity and carries with il a lot of nutrients required by the plants.

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9
Q

What is capillary water?

A

This water is capable of moving through the soil particles by capillary action and therefore it is always available to plants.

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10
Q

When is the soil is said to be saturated ?

A

When the water fills up the pore spaces so much that no room is available for air

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11
Q

The ability of the soil to retain water is the

A

water-holding capacity of that soil.

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12
Q

Water in plants acts as a medium for life precesses because of some of its properties which include;

A

solvent properties, surface tension and capillarity, heat capacity, density of water and gas solubility.

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13
Q

The solvent action of water is generally an effect of

A

its ability to form hydrogen bonds and of the asymmetrical distribution of its charges.

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14
Q

The membranes through which water passes into and out of the plant cell are

A

the cell walis, plasma membranes, and the vacuolar membranes.

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15
Q

What is the cytoplasmic membranes?

A

plasma membranes, and the vacuolar membranes.

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16
Q

Water has at least two modes available for it to move into and out of plant systems which includes

A

diffusion and osmosis.

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17
Q

Molecules and ions move from regions of higher to lower concentration by

A

diffusion.

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18
Q

What causes water to move from cell to cell until it gets to the xylem?

A

Osmotic pressure exerted by cells, along with the transpiration pull

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19
Q

Water moves from the soil into the stele of the root through the cells of the root because?

A

the water potential of the stele is more negative than the cortex.

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20
Q

What happens to the potential when solutes are added to water?

A

the potential decreases and becomes negative (i.e. less than zero).

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21
Q

What is the water potential of pure water

A

Zero

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22
Q

What have the most negative potential in the plant.?

A

The mesophyll cells of the leaf

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23
Q

What is suction pressure?

A

The low potential in the mesophyll cells of the leaves creates a pull on the water in the xylem.

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24
Q

What is Transpiration?

A

This is the loss of water through evaporation in aerial parts of the plant such as the leaves and lenticels.

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25
Q

About how many percent of the water absorbed by plant is lost by transpiration?

A

95%

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26
Q

Importance of transpiration:

A
  1. increases the absorption of minerals from the soil because ions move upwards through the transpiration current.
  2. ensures that water moves up to the top of trees, as the trees grow taller.
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27
Q

FACTORS AFFECTING TRANSPIRATION

A
  1. Plant factors: the leaf area, root-leaf area, leaf orientation, leaf size and shape, leaf surface characteristics, leaf anatomy and the stomata.
  2. Physical factors: humidity, temperature and wind velocity.
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28
Q

What is a soil ?

A

Soil is described as the direct mineral substrate of terrestrial plants.

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29
Q

Parents Material of soil gives rise to a characteristic layer called

A

horizons

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30
Q

Soils of high rainfall areas will have ______ colour if well-drained,

A

red, brown, or reddish brown

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31
Q

Soils of high rainfall have ____ colour if they are not well-drained.

A

yellowish-red or yellowish-brown

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32
Q

What are young soils .

A

Soil that may move by wind or water from one location to another but may not weathered in situ

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33
Q

What is Soil texture?

A

This is the percentage of sand, silts, and clay particles in the soils.

34
Q

Soil consist of ;

A

sand (particles larger than .05mm, and smaller than 2mm), silt (between .05 and .002mm) and clay (less than .002mm).

35
Q

The greater the smoothness and plasticity of the soil, the more the

A

clay contains.

36
Q

What is a sandy soil

A

All soils with the sand portion making up at least 70% and the clay 15% or less of the material by weight.

37
Q

What’s a clay soil

A

This contains at least 35% to 40% of the clay portion.

38
Q

What’s a loamy soil

A

This is the mixture of sand, silts, and clay.

39
Q

The oxisols contain

A

high concentrations of iron and aluminum and are generally red to reddish brown in colour.

40
Q

The attachment of the positive ions is on the ______ which carry lots of negative charges

A

clay portions

41
Q

The required positive ions are the______ while the negative charges on clay are the ____.

A
  1. cations
  2. anions
42
Q

What’s the capacity of a soil to hold cations called?

A

cation exchange capacity (C.E.C.).

43
Q

The range of the pH is normally between ______ for mineral soils or______ for agricultural soils.

A
  1. 4 and 10
  2. 5 and 8.5
44
Q

What is most suitable Ph range for plant ?

A

neutral range of 6.3 - 7.5

45
Q

What happens to different minerals in acidic soil ?

A

Nitrification by bacteria is significantly reduced and phosphates are bound out of reach of plants. However micronutrients such as Mn, Na, Zn, Cu, B, but not molybdenum become more available.

46
Q

What happens to minerals in highly alkaline soil?

A

phosphorus is reduced, nitrification by bacteria is reduced, micro-nutrients except molybdenum are reduced.

47
Q

An acid soil can have its pH increased (i.e made above 6.0) by

A

adding lime(finely ground limestone or calcium carbonate (CaCO3))

48
Q

How to reduce the pH and make the soil acidic to some extent ?

A

Add acid-forming chemicals such as ferrous sulphate (FeSO,) and elementai sulphur (S) would be added to the soil.

49
Q

Soil-organisms help improve plant nutrition through

A

mycorrhizal associations

50
Q

What is that dark coloured surface material of soils.

A

Humus

51
Q

Ions with high bonding energy include

A

phosphorus, aluminum, Barium

52
Q

Ions with intermediate bonding energy include

A

Calcium, potassium and magnesium

53
Q

Ions with weak bond energy includes

A

Sodium and anions

54
Q

Function of calcium include:

A
  1. synthesis of pectin in the middle lamella.
  2. spatially arranging the three-dimensional mode of the membrane.
  3. alters the affinity of membrane constituents for certain cations
  4. influence cell wall rigidity through its effect on ionic bridging
  5. promotes the development of potassium absorption capacity
  6. protects plants from injurious effects of high salt, and other toxic ions in the environment.
  7. required in the nodulation and symbiotic nitrogen fixation
55
Q

Deficiency of calcium symptoms

A

chlorosis of the margin of younger leaves and the formation of stunted, discoloured roots.

56
Q

Function of magnesium

A
  1. it is the central atom in the chlorophyll molecule.
  2. cofactor in many enzyme transfers.
57
Q

Deficiency of magnesium symptoms

A

multicolour appearance in leaves.

58
Q

Function of potassium

A
  1. translocation of sugars.
  2. instrumental in stomatal opening; where it is thought to increase the osmotic water flow into the guard cells.
  3. required for maximal activity of many enzymes.
  4. act as a regulator of the enzyme pyruvate kinase through repression of synthesis of this enzyme.
59
Q

Deficiency of potassium symptoms

A
  1. brittle
  2. Stem growth is reduced becomeing weak thus allowing such plants to be easily attacked by pathogens.
60
Q

Function of iron

A
  1. formation of chlorophyll eventhough it is not part of the molecule.
  2. needed for the synthesis of membrane proteins that line the nucleus, chloroplast and mitochondria.
  3. Important in electron transport chain
61
Q

Deficiency symptoms of iron

A

loss of chlorophyll and the disintegration of the chloroplast, which lead to yellowing of leaves.

62
Q

Function of nitrogen

A
  1. essential in photosynthesis and respiration
  2. Purines and pyrimidines are major structural components of nucleic acids
  3. Proteins synthesis
63
Q

What is mineralization?

A

Oxidation of nitrogen carried out by microorganisms.

64
Q

Nitrogen turnover involves three steps namely;

A
  1. the conversion of inorganic nitrogen into organic nitrogen compounds of low molecular weight
  2. the synthesis of high molecular weight N compounds such as proteins and nucleic acids
  3. the breakdown of N which contains macromolecules by hydrolysing enzymes.
65
Q

Deficiency of nitrogen

A

yellowing (chlorosis) of leaves due to a decrease in chlorophyll content.

66
Q

Function of phosphorus

A
  1. occurs is in nucleic acids and phospholipids.
    2.
67
Q

What phosphorus represents the non-usable form of the element for plants

A

organic

68
Q

High level of _____ interfere with the translocation of iron in plant

A

Zn, Mo, Cu and Mn

69
Q

Deficiency in phosphorus cause

A
  1. stunted growth where older leaves fall off prematurely
  2. carbohydrates accumulate causing the formation of anthocyanin pigment
70
Q

Symptoms of phosphorus deficiency

A

The result of this is the red or purple colouration of the leaves and stems.

71
Q

Function/ importance of sulphur

A

constituent of amino acids- cystine, cysteine and methionine, the vitamins thiamine and biotin and the coenzyme A.

72
Q

Symptoms of sulphur deficiency

A

yellowing of younger leaves, reduced plant growth, and weak stem.

73
Q

The function of boron in plants

A
  1. regulate certain aspects of carbohydrate metabolism
  2. translocation.
74
Q

Boron deficiency results in

A

death of the apical meristems of both shoots and roots and flowering is suppressed.

75
Q

The presence of _____reduces the concentration of copper.

A

phosphate, iron and Zinc

76
Q

Function/ importance of zinc

A
  1. acts as an enzyme activator in both plants and animals.
77
Q

What can induce Zn deficiency

A

Phosphate

78
Q

Deficiency of zinc causes

A
  1. stunted Leaves
  2. internodes do not elongate so that leaves originate close to each other.
79
Q

Function/importance of manganese

A
  1. photosynthesis
  2. activation of enzymes
  3. carbohydrate metabolism
  4. phosphorylation
80
Q

Function/importance of molybdenum

A

essential in nitrogen fixation where it plays a role in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite.

81
Q

Deficiency of molybdenum

A

resemble nitrogen deficiency, leaf chlorosis, wilting and rolling of leaf margins.

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