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Anatomy AT 521 > Anatomy of Foot and Ankle > Flashcards

Anatomy of Foot and Ankle Flashcards

(138 cards)

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1
Q

Three borders of the tibia shaft

A

Anterior
Interosseous
Medial

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2
Q

Three Surfaces of Tibia

A

Medial
Lateral
Posterior

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3
Q

Posterior surfaces of the Tibia

A

Soleal line-oblique line

Vertical line

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4
Q

Fibula Osteology

A

Triangular shaped
3 borders: Ant, Post, Interosseous
3 surfaces: Ant. Lat. Post

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5
Q

Proximal Tibiofibular Joint

A

synovial, planar joint

Fairly strong capsule

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6
Q

Proximal tibiofibular joint ligaments

A

Anterior proximal tibiofibular ligament

Posterior proximal tibiofibular ligament

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7
Q

Distal Tibiofibular Joint

A

Common for injuries:
Syndesmosis
Tibia and fibula separated by fibro-adipose tissue
No joint capsule

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8
Q

Ligaments of DTJ

A

Anteropr distal tibiofibular lig
Post. DTL
Crural interosseus tibiofibular ligament

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9
Q

Crural interosseus tibiofibular ligament

A

Strongest of the DTJ ligaments

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10
Q

Interosseous Membrane of the leg

A

Tough fibrous sheet of CT

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11
Q

Functions of the IM

A

Separates the anterior compartment from posterior compartment
Site for muscular attachments

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12
Q

2 openings/apertures in IM

A

Aperture for the anterior tibial vessels

Aperture for the perforating branch of the fibular artery

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13
Q

What makes up Rearfoot (hindfoot)?

A

Talus

Calcaneus

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14
Q

What makes up the Midfoot?

A

Navicular
1,2,3 cuneiforms
Cuboid

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15
Q

What makes up the forefoot?

A

5 metatarsals

14 phalanges

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16
Q

What makes up the Talus?

A

Dome (trochlea)
Head
Neck
Body

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17
Q

Name some characteristics of the Talus

A

> 50% covered by articular cartilage
Facets for tibia, fibula, calcaneus, navicular
No muscle attachments!
Wider anteriorly than it is posteriorly**DF comes into mortis

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18
Q

Talus is the center of what three joints?

A

Talocrural joint
Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint
Talonavicular or midtarsal joint

Little vascularization

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19
Q

Calcaneus make up

A

Posterior: tuberosity
Medial: Sustentaculum tali
Lateral: Peroneal tubercle/fibular trochlea

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20
Q

Navicular is attachment for what?

A

spring ligament
posterior tibialis tendon
anterior deltoid ligament (talonavicular ligament)

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21
Q

Navicular tuberosity is important for what?

A

point of reference for taking measurements for tests

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22
Q

Cuneiforms help to form what?

A

transverse arch

Medial=1
Intermediate=2
Lateral=3

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23
Q

Cuboid

A

Groove for Peroneus longus tendon

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24
Q

Metatarsals: Special notes on 1,2,5

A

1st: shorter and thicker
2nd: thinnest and longest
5th: tubercle projecting proximally for peroneus brevis

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25
Fascia of the Leg: intermuscular septa
Anterior Posterior Transverse
26
Anterior: intermuscular septa
separates anterior from lateral compartment
27
Posterior: intermuscular septa
separates lateral from posterior compartment
28
Transverse (deep) fascia
divides posterior compartment into deep and superficial compartments
29
Anterior Compartment Muscles
Anterior tibialis EHL EDL Peroneus Tertius
30
Anterior compartment nerve
deep peroneal nerve
31
Anterior artery/vein
Anterior tibial artery and vein
32
Tibialis Anterior PA
Lateral condyle of the tibia Lateral surface of the tibia along its proximal 2/3 Adjoining interosseous membrane
33
Tib Ant. DA
medial cuneiform and 1st MT base
34
Tib Ant. Innervation
deep peroneal (L4,5)
35
Tib Ant. Ax
DF ankle, inverts foot
36
Extensor Hallucis Longus PA
medial surface of fibula along its middle 1/2, adjacent interosseous membrane
37
EHL DA
base of distal phalanx of great toe along its dorsal surface
38
EHL Nerve
deep peroneal L5
39
EHL Ax
extends the hallux, dorsiflexes the ankle and foot
40
Extensor Digitorum Longus PA
Lateral tibial condyle, medial surface of the fibula along its proximal 3/4, IM
41
EDL DA
distal phalanges of lesser four digits
42
EDL Nerve
Deep peroneal L5, S1
43
EDL Ax
extends the 4 lesser digits, DF ankle and foot
44
Peroneus Tertius PA
Medial surface of the fibula along its distal 1/3, IM
45
Peroneus Tertius DA
base of 5th MT along its dorsal surface medially
46
Peroneus Tertius Nerve
deep peroneal L5, S1
47
Peroneus Tertius Ax
DF foot and ankle, everts foot
48
Posterior compartment Superficial muscles
Gastrocnemius Soleus Plantaris
49
Posterior compartment Deep muscles
Popliteus Post. Tib Flexor digitorum longus Flexor hallucis longus
50
Post. Compartment Nerves
Tibial nerve---travels with tibial artery through tarsal tunnel under flexor retinaculum
51
Gastrocnemius PA
Medial head: post. surface of the medial femoral condyle lateral to adductor tubercle and adjoining portion of popliteal surface Lateral head: lat. fem. condyle and adjoining supracondylar line
52
Gastronemius DA
posterior surface of the calcaneus at its mid-level
53
Gastroc nerve
tibial nerve S1,2
54
Gastroc Ax
PF ankle, flexes knee, controls ant. tibial advancement during gait
55
Soleus PA
posterior aspect of the fibular head, posterior shaft of the fibula along its proximal ¼, tibial soleal line, middle 1/3 of tibial medial border
56
Soleus DA
posterior surface of the calcaneus at its midlevel
57
Soleus Nerve
tibial nerve s1, 2
58
Soleus Ax
PF ankle
59
Plantaris PA
distal aspect of the lat. supracondylar line of the femur and the oblique popliteal lig.
60
Plantaris DA
medial border of calaneal tendon and hence to posterior aspect of calcaneus
61
Plantaris Nerve
tibial n. (S1, 2)
62
Plantaris AX
weakly plantarflexes the ankle
63
Popliteus PA
lateral femoral condyle on an impression on the distal most portion of the lateral supracondylar line
64
Popliteus DA
posterior tibia proximal to the soleal line
65
Popliteus Nerve
tibial n. (L4, 5 S1)
66
Popliteus AX
generally unlocks the extended fully knee open chain: IR the tibia closed chain: ER the femur
67
Post Tib PA
most of interosseous membrane, lateral portion of posterior surface of tibia, proximal 2/3 of medial surface of fibula, adjacent intermuscular septa and deep fascia
68
Post Tib DA
navicular tuberosity, plantar surface of medial cuneiform, sustentaculum tali, plantar aspects of the intermediate cuneiform and bases of the 2nd to 4th MT
69
Post Tib Nerve
tibial nerve L4,5
70
Post tib Ax
inverts the foot (principle inverter), plantarflexes the ankle and foot
71
FDL PA
medial part of posterior surface of tibia interior to soleal line and fascia covering tibialis posterior
72
FDL DA
distal phalanges of the 4 lesser toes along their plantar aspects
73
FDL Nerve
Tibial nerve S1,2,3
74
FDL Ax
flexes the phalanges and plantarflexes the ankle
75
FHL PA
posterior surface of the fibula along its distal 2/3, adjacent interosseous membrane and the posterior intermuscular septum
76
FHL DA
plantar aspect of the distal phalanx of the hallux
77
FHL Nerve
tibial nerve S1-3
78
FHL Ax
flexes the great toe and plantarflexes the ankle
79
Muscles of Lateral Compartment
Peroneus Longus | Peroneus Brevis
80
Peroneus Longus PA
head of fibula, lateral surface of the fibula along its proximal 2/3, A&P intermuscular septa
81
Peroneus Longus DA
medial cuneiform and 1st MT base along their lateral and plantar surfaces
82
Peroneus Longus Nerve
superficial peroneal (L5,S1,S2)
83
Peroneus Longus AX
everts the foot, plantarflex the | foot and ankle; plantarflex 1st ray
84
Peroneus Brevis PA
lateral surface of the fibula along it distal 2/3, A&P intermuscular septa
85
Peroneus Brevis DA
5th MT base at its lateral tubercle
86
Peroneus Brevis Nerve
superficial peroneal (L5,S1,S2)
87
Peroneus Brevis Ax
everts the foot
88
Flexor Retinaculum
``` Tom, Dick, AN Harry posterior Tibialis flexor Digitorum longus posterior tibial Artery tibial Nerve flexor Hallucis longus ```
89
Extensor Retinaculum Superior Portion
immediately proximal to talocrural jt | contains DF and Ext muscles
90
Extensor Retinaculum Inferior Portion
Proximal and distal band (Y shaped) | Distal contains the Dorsalis Pedis artery which is distal continuation of TA artery
91
Lateral Retinaculum Superior portion
Attaches to posterior lat malleolus to calcaneus
92
Lateral Retinaculum Inferior portion
Cont with extensor retinaculum back to calcaneus laterally
93
What is the foot considered to be?
Shock absorber Loose adaptor Rigid lever
94
What does the rearfoot contain?
The talocrural joint The subtalar joint The distal tibio-fibular joint
95
What articulations are formed by Talocrural Jt
The talus with plafond of tibia | Talus with medial and lateral malleolus
96
Talocrural joint
Synovial Hinge Compound
97
What is Talocrural joint primary osteokinematic movement?
PF and DF--need at least 10 DF for normal gait occurs at loading response and mid stance ROM=20 for DF 40-50 PF
98
Subtalar Joint
second portion of the fxnal unit of the ankle - articulation b/w talus and calcaneus - responsible for inversion and eversion in OC or supination and pronation in CC
99
Subtalar Jt classification
Synovial Multiaxial (triplanar) Compound--calcaneus and talus (more than one)
100
AROM Open Chain: Calcaneal mvmt
Eversion= 10-15 | Inversion=18-30
101
Closed chain mvmt: talus + Calcaneus
Pronation-calcaneus moves into eversion and talus PF and horizontal ADD tibial IR Supination--calcaneus moves into inversion and horizontal ABD and DF tibial ER
102
Closed packed position STJ
supination
103
Open packed position STJ
pronation
104
Eversion (open chain) STJ
Calcaneal EV, DF, ABD
105
Pronation (closed chain) STJ on the ground
Calcaneal eversion Talus ADD and PF Internal rotation of tibia
106
Inversion (open chain) STJ
Calcaneal INV, PF, ADD
107
Supination (Closed chain) STJ
Calcaneal inversion Talus abduction and DF External rotation of tibia
108
Midfoot is formed by what?
cuneiforms, cuboid, Navicular
109
Midfoot serves as a major attachment for dynamic controls of the arch and foot:
Ant. Tib Post. Tib Peroneus Longus
110
Midfoot joint classification
Synovial Planar Compound
111
Midtarsal jt is made up of which two jts?
Talonavicular and calcaneocuboid | members are distal talus and navicular & distal calcaneus and cuboid
112
Midtarsal Jt active mvmts
pronation and supination
113
Midtarsal Jt closed pack position
supination of subtalar | Locks the STJ
114
Midtarsal Jt open packed position
pronation of subtalar | unlocks the STJ
115
Intertarsal Joints
Cuneonavicular Cuneocuboid Intercuneiform Cuboidonavicular contribute to inversion/eversion in OC and supination/pronation in CC
116
Ligaments of Midfoot
Long and short plantar ligaments | planar calcaneonavicular ligament (Spring)
117
Forefoot is made up of?
metatarsal and phalangeal bones has to sustain, accelerate, and balance body's weight through 40% of stance phase Forces across the first MTP (metatarsal phalangeal joint) may exceed body weight which is more than twice the load of the other toes combined.
118
Tarsometarsal Jt
members include distal cuneiforms and cuboid and base of metatarsals
119
Tarsometarsal joint classification
synovial simple planar
120
Minimal motion Tarsometarsal can do
Closed pack position in supination | Supporting structures include plantar/dorsal ligaments
121
Metatarsophalangeal (MTP) jts
``` head and base of phalanges Joint classification - synovial - ellipsoidal - biaxial - simple concave on convex ```
122
Supporting structures of MTP Jts
capsule, fibrous plantar plates, collateral ligaments, extensor tendons dorsally
123
First MTP Jt ROM
Primary motion is flexion and extension AROM approx 30 degrees flexion and 50 degrees extension During gait required ext is 60-70 but may increase to 90 degrees
124
Sesamoid Bones
Flexor Hallucis Brevis attachment Serves to increase the moment arm b/w the flexion axis of the MTP jt and the intrinsic flexors----increases power of FLEXION
125
Interphalangeal Jts
Proximal (PIP) and Distal (DIP) | Synovial hinge joints
126
Windlass Mechanism or effect
1) As the heel raises at the end of stance to push off for swing the toes will dorsiflex Terminal stance and Preswing during gait 2) This will apply tension to the plantar aponeurosis (fascia), elevating the longitudinal arch Provides a stable foot for push off
127
3 arches of the foot
Medial Lateral Transverse
128
Fxn of arches
Shock absorption during IC and LR Storage and release of mechanical energy during gait Protect nerves, vascular supply, and muscles on plantar aspect of foot
129
Medial Arch
Starts posteriorly at the calcaneus and continues through the talus, navicular, and medial cuneiforms to the head of the first metatarsal
130
Lateral Arch
Starts posteriorly at the calcaneus and continues through the cuboid to the heads of the two lateral metatarsals
131
Supports of the medial arch
Plantar calcaneonavicular Ligament (Spring Ligament) Spring ligament blends with inferior portion of deltoid ligament Plantar aponeurosis Supported also by tendons of tibialis posterior - Intrinsic muscles in the sole of the foot
132
Lateral Arch supports
Long plantar Ligament Plantar calcaneocuboid Ligament Extensor tendons and the short muscles of the little toe
133
Transverse Arch support
Interosseous, plantar, and dorsal ligaments The short muscles of the first and fifth toes (especially the transverse head of the Adductor hallucis) The Peroneus longus, whose tendon stretches across between the arches.
134
Transverse Arch
Formed by cuboid, cuneiforms and base of metatarsals Flattens out during gait Shares in weight bearing
135
Plantar Fascia Attachments
PA Medial calcaneal tuberosity DA 5 bands to each toe
136
TIbial Nerve
Travels in deep compartment of leg with Posterior Tibial a. Enters foot via Tarsal Tunnel Medial & Lateral Plantar N. Innervates all intrinsic mm. except EDB (deep fibular n.) Flexor rentinaculum
137
Peroneal (fibular) nerve: Deep Peroneal Nerve
Lateral to Dorsalis Pedis A. Parallel and lateral to tendon of EHL Digital branches
138
Superficial Peroneal nerve
Digital Branches Sural N Saphenous N

Anatomy AT 521 (3 decks)

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