Anatomy of lower limb

Question 1

What are the three functions of the lower limb?

Answer 1

Support body weight
locomotion
maintain balance

Question 2

What are the six regions of the lower limb

Answer 2

Gluteal
Femoral (thigh)
Knee
Leg
Ankle
Foot

Question 3

What are the two muscle groups in the gluteal region?

Answer 3

Superficial and deep muscle group

Question 4

What is in the superficial muscle group?

Answer 4

Gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
tensor fascia latae

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

Question 5

What is the superficial muscle group innervated by?

Answer 5

Gluteal nerves

Question 6

What is the gluteus Maximus innervated by?

Answer 6

inferior gluteal

Question 7

What is the gluteus radius, gluteus minimum and the tensor fascia latae innervated by?

Answer 7

superior gluteal

Question 8

What is trendelenburg’s gait

Answer 8

Abnormal walk caused by weakness of the gluteus medium/ gluteus minimus

Question 9

What are the actions of the superficial muscle group?

Answer 9

extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

Question 10

What is included in the deep muscle group of the gluteal region?

Answer 10

Piriformis
obturator internus
gemelli
quadratus femoris

Question 11

What are the actions of the deep muscle group?

Answer 11

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

Question 12

What is the deep muscle group supplied by?

Answer 12

nerves from sacral plexus

Question 13

What do nerves enter/exit the pelvis and perineum via

Answer 13

greater and lesser sciatic foramen

Question 14

the _ sciatic foramen acts as a passageway for structures of the pelvis

Answer 14

greater

Question 15

the _ sciatic foramen acts as a passageway for structures of the pelvis

Answer 15

lesser

Question 16

The greater/lesser sciatic foramen are _ , the ligaments form a hole to make them _

Answer 16

Notches

Foramens

Question 17

Which section of the butt should you inject into and why?

Answer 17

into the upper lateral section ( no nerves or vessels in this area that you could be damaging)

Question 18

What is the largest nerve in the body?

Answer 18

Sciatic

Question 19

What are the two divisions of the sciatic nerve?

Answer 19

Tibial –>larger, medial

Common fibular–>smaller, lateral

Question 20

What is pudendal the principle nerve to?

Answer 20

perineum

Question 21

The sciatic arises from which nerves?

Answer 21

L4-S3

Question 22

The pudendal arises from which spinal nerves?

Answer 22

S2-S4

Question 23

The posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh arises from which nerves?

Answer 23

S1-S3

Question 24

What does the sciatic nerve innervate?

Answer 24

posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles and most of the skin

Question 25

What does the posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh innervate?

Answer 25

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

Question 26

The sciatic nerve usually exits _ to piriformis

Answer 26

inferior

Question 27

What is the most lateral structure leaving the greater sciatic foramen?

Answer 27

sciatic nerve

Question 28

What supplies the sciatic nerve

Answer 28

the artery to the sciatic nerve

Question 29

What does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region

Answer 29

TRICK-nothing. Medicine is hard- have a cookie

Question 30

What is the longest muscle in the body?

Answer 30

Sartorius

Question 31

What is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle

Answer 31

inguinal ligament

Question 32

What is the medial border of the femoral triangle

Answer 32

lateral border of the adductor longus

Question 33

What is the lateral border of the femoral triangle?

Answer 33

medial border of the sartorius

Question 34

What is the floor of the femoral triangle?

Answer 34

iliopoas and pectineus

Question 35

What is the roof of the femoral triangle

Answer 35

deep fascia (fascia lata)

Question 36

What is the acronym to remember what is contained within the femoral triangle

Answer 36

``` NAVY femoral Nerve femoral Artery fermoral Vein Lymphatics ```

Question 37

Name one thing that is not in the femoral sheath ( that you might expect to be)

Answer 37

Femoral nerve

Question 38

What is bigger - tibia or fibula

Answer 38

tibia ( think of tit)

Question 39

What does fascia create in the legs

Answer 39

enclosed space-muscle compartments

Question 40

What is compartment syndrome?

Answer 40

Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) which affects the function of the muscles and nerves in the compartment

Question 41

What is done to treat compartment syndrome?

Answer 41

fasciotomy

Question 42

Name the three compartments of the thigh

Answer 42

Anterior, medial and posterior

Question 43

Name the three compartments of the leg

Answer 43

Anterior, posterior and lateral

Question 44

Muscles within each compartment have generally _ actions and generally the _ nerve supply

Answer 44

similar same

Question 45

In the anterior compartment of the thigh what are the flexors?

Answer 45

pectineus, iliopsoas, sartorius

Question 46

In the anterior compartment of the leg what are the extensors?

Answer 46

Quadriceps femoris (p.s. Keep going- you're doing great)

Question 47

What nerve supplies the anterior compartment of the thigh and what is the exception?

Answer 47

All femoral nerve (L2,L3,L4) | with the exception of the psoas major (L1,2,3)

Question 48

What are the adductors is the medial compartment of the thigh?

Answer 48

``` Adductor longus adductor brevis adductor magnus gracillis obturator externus (These questions are horrible- go grab yourself a cup of tea) ```

Question 49

What nerve supplies the medial compartment of the thigh

Answer 49

obturator nerve (L2,3,4)

Question 50

What nerve supplies the hamstring part of the adductor Magnus?

Answer 50

tibial nerve

Question 51

What do the muscles contained within the posterior compartment of the thigh do?

Answer 51

Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg

Question 52

What supplies the posterior compartments of the thigh

Answer 52

all tibial divisions of sciatic nerve (L5,S1,S2)

Question 53

What is the short head biceps femurs supplied by?

Answer 53

common fibular division of sciatic

Question 54

What actions is the anterior compartment of the leg responsible for

Answer 54

dorsiflexors of ankle and extensors of toes

Question 55

What muscles are in the anterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 55

tibialis anterior extensor digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus fibularis tertius

Question 56

What actions has the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 56

Every foot and weakly plantar flex ankle

Question 57

What muscles are in the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 57

Fibularis longus | fibulas brevis

Question 58

What supplies the lateral compartment of the leg?

Answer 58

all superficial fibular nerve (L5,S1,S2)

Question 59

What does the common fibular nerve split into and what do these go on to supply?

Answer 59

Deep nerve--> supplies anterior compartment superficial nerve --> Suplies lateral compartment

Question 60

What 2 groups are contained within the posterior compartment of the leg and what are their roles

Answer 60

superficial group- plantar flexors of ankle | deep group- flexors of toes and plantar flexors of ankle

Question 61

What are both groups contained within the posterior compartment of the leg supplied by

Answer 61

Tibial nerve

Question 62

What muscles are in the superficial group in the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 62

Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris

Question 63

What muscles are in the deep group in the posterior compartment of the leg?

Answer 63

Popliteus Flexor hallucis longus(flexes big toe) flexor digitorum longus( flexes your digits) tibialis posterior

Question 64

What are the ball and socket in the hip joint?

Answer 64

Ball- head of femur | Socket- acetabulum of hip

Question 65

TRUE/FLASE | The hip joint is biaxial

Answer 65

``` false- it is multiaxial flexion-extension abduction-adduction medial-lateral rotation circumduction ```

Question 66

What is the most common fracture?

Answer 66

Neck of femur

Question 67

Iliofemoral and ischiofemoral- which is more anterior

Answer 67

Illiofemoral

Question 68

What does ligament teres do?

Answer 68

carries arteries to the head of the femur. Therefore if you have a fracture to the neck you can damage the arterial supply to the femur

Question 69

What 3 ligaments are involved in the hip joint

Answer 69

illiofemoral pubofemoral ischiofemoral

Question 70

Thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule forms...

Answer 70

Ligaments

Question 71

From which artery do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries usually arise?

Answer 71

deep femoral artery

Question 72

What arteries do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off?

Answer 72

Retinacular arteries

Question 73

How many articulations does the knee joint have?

Answer 73

3 2 x femerotibial (left and right) 1 x femeopatellar

Question 74

What is the main movement of the knee

Answer 74

Flexion-extension

Question 75

Joints are strengthened by _

Answer 75

ligaments

Question 76

What are the extra capsular ligaments?

Answer 76

Lateral (fibular) collateral ligament | Medial (tibial) collateral ligament

Question 77

What are the intra-articular ligaments?

Answer 77

``` anterior cruciate (ACL) posterior cruciate(PCL) ```

Question 78

Menisci?

Answer 78

a present shaped piece of fibrocartilage where two bones meet- in the knee there is a medial and lateral menisci

Question 79

Joint integrity can be assessed using...

Answer 79

Drawer signs

Question 80

The popliteal fossa is __ to the knee

Answer 80

posterior ( literally so close to the end- keep going)

Question 81

What is the superolateral boundary of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 81

biceps femoris

Question 82

What is the roof of the popliteal fossa

Answer 82

popliteal fascia

Question 83

What is the superomedial boundary of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 83

Semimembranosus

Question 84

What is the inferior boundary of the popliteal fossa?

Answer 84

gastrocnemius

Question 85

Where is the terminal for the small saphenous vein?

Answer 85

popliteal fossa

Question 86

What is contained within the popliteal fossa?

Answer 86

Lots of fat Terminal small saphenous vein popliteal vessels tibial and common fibular nerves

Question 87

What is the calceneal tendon also known as

Answer 87

achilles tendon

Question 88

What two tendons come together to form the calcanea tendon?

Answer 88

tendons of gastrocnemius and soleus

Question 89

Where does the calcanea tendon attach?

Answer 89

Calcanea tuberosity of the calcaneus

Question 90

What does the "ankle jerk reflex" test?

Answer 90

s1,s2 nerve roots -normal result is plantar flexion

Question 91

What do superficial lymphatics follow?

Answer 91

saphenous veins

Question 92

Where do superficial lymphatics drain

Answer 92

to superficial lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

Question 93

What do deep lymphatics follow?

Answer 93

deep veins

Question 94

What do deep lymphatics drain into?

Answer 94

deep inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes

Question 95

What lymphatics run from external to common iliac

Answer 95

lumbar lymphatics

Question 96

YAAAAAY you finished

Answer 96

lol go check the weird nerve sheet