Anatomy of phonation

Question 1

How big is the larynx in males?

Answer 1

44mm (1.7 inches)

Question 2

How big is the larynx in females?

Answer 2

36mm (1.5 inches)

Question 3

What is the circumference of the larynx?

Answer 3

120mm (5 inches)

Question 4

How many total cartilages are in the larynx?

Answer 4

9 (3 paired, 3 unpaired)

Question 5

What are the two parts of the cricoid cartilage?

Answer 5

Anterior arch, posterior laminae

Question 6

What joint in the VF is important for pitch?

Answer 6

cricothyroid joint

Question 7

Parts of the thyroid cart.

Answer 7

Laryngeal prominence/thyroid notch, 2 laminae, superior and inferior horns

Question 8

What is the petiole of the epiglottis?

Answer 8

Lower narrower aspect

Question 9

Where does the epiglottis attach, and by which ligaments?

Answer 9

Thyroid cartilage, hyoid bone, root of tongue. Thyroepiglottic ligament, hyoepiglottic ligament. Glossoepiglottic ligament

Question 10

Epiglottis’s primary function?

Answer 10

Airway protector during swallowing

Question 11

How does the epiglottis fold over and protect the airway?

Answer 11

Muscular contraction of aryepiglottic folds. Hyoepiglottic ligament–hyoid bones moves anteriorly during swallow

Question 12

Arytenoid parts

Answer 12

Base, apex, 3 surfaces. 2 important processes: vocal process (medial), muscular process (lateral)

Question 13

Which cartilage is on top of the arytenoids?

Answer 13

Corniculate. Help protect during swallow Galek thinks.

Question 14

WHat do the cuneiform cartilages do?

Answer 14

Unknown, may provide support. Elastic.

Question 15

Suprahyoid muscles

Answer 15

Mylohyoid, Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, Digastricus

Tongue: Genioglossus, myloglossus, hyoglossus, thryopharyngeus

Question 16

Infrahyoid muscles

Answer 16

Omohyoid, Sternohyoid, sternothyroid, thyrohyoid (but elevator)

Question 17

What is the cricopharyngeus muscle?

Answer 17

Not elevator or depressor. Inferior aspect of pharyngeal constrictor, portion of upper esophageal sphincter

Question 18

When might you see the larynx elevate?

Answer 18

During swallow (protects airway)
-Small role raising pitch

Question 19

Laryngeal abductors

Answer 19

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle. O=posterior lamina of cricoid I= muscularis process (lateral medial)

Question 20

Which intrinsic laryngeal muscles are innervated by the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve? -branch of Vagus

Answer 20

Posterior cricoarytenoid muscle, Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle, interarytenoid(oblique and transverse) muscles (unsure about thyroarytenoid)

Question 21

Laryngeal adductors

Answer 21

Lateral cricoarytenoid muscle 0=cricoid arch I=muscular process, interarytenoid muscles, thyroarytenoid

Question 22

What is the only unpaired muscle in the larynx?

Answer 22

Transverse arytenoid muscle

Question 23

Which muscles later turn into the aryepiglottic folds?

Answer 23

Oblique arytenoid muscles

Question 24

What are the two muscles forming the thyroarytenoid muscle?

Answer 24

Vocalis muscle(internal), thyromuscularis

Question 25

What muscles are innervated by the Superior laryngeal nerve?

Answer 25

Cricothyroid

Question 26

What would you expect to see with unilateral damage to the superior laryngeal nerve?

Answer 26

Tilted larynx. Difficulty elevating pitch.

Question 27

Which muscles assist in controlling the laryngeal inlet?

Answer 27

- Aryepiglottic muscle - Thyroepiglottic muscle - Transverse Interarytenoid muscle

Question 28

What is the longest cranial nerve?

Answer 28

Vagus nerve

Question 29

What is neural redundancy?

Answer 29

Plan B. Unilateral and contralateral innervation. 20% unilateral. Limits probability of laryngeal impairment w/ unilateral CNS injury

Question 30

Which side would be effected with LMN damage to vagus?

Answer 30

Ipsilateral

Question 31

Which side would you expect to see the results of UMN damage?

Answer 31

Contralateral damage

Question 32

Which type of muscle fibers do the thyroarytenoid muscles contain?

Answer 32

Vocalis portion--mostly slow twitch, fatigue resistant, aerobic muscularis--mostly fast twitch fibers, anaerobic

Question 33

What are the layers of the vocal folds?

Answer 33

Epithelium, Superficial layer of the lamina propria, intermediate layer of the lamina propria, deep layer of the lamina propria, thyroarytenoid muscle

Question 34

What is the basement membrane zone?

Answer 34

Superficial layer of the lamina propria

Question 35

Characteristics of the superficial layer of the lamina propria

Answer 35

Lubricate, soft and pliable

Question 36

What makes up the free margins of the true vocal folds?

Answer 36

Conus elasticus

Question 37

Qualities of intermediate layer of the lamina propria

Answer 37

AKA vocal ligament, Fibers linearly elastic, stretch like a spring

Question 38

Qualities of the deep layer of the lamina propria

Answer 38

Resist elongation, withstand high tensile stress

Question 39

What ratio of the vocal fold layers does the thyroarytenoid constitute?

Answer 39

2/3

Question 40

What happens to the open phase during higher intensities?

Answer 40

Longer open phase

Question 41

What is "chest register?"

Answer 41

Glottal fry

Question 42

Vocal fold length in females/typical pitch?

Answer 42

11-12mm, 225Hz

Question 43

Vocal fold length in males/typical pitch?

Answer 43

17-20mm, 125Hz