Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

What is the glottis?

Answer 1

space between vocal folds

Question 2

When do you use the intrinsic muscles of the larynx?

Answer 2

Both abduction and adduction

Question 3

What is a fixating action of the larynx and when do you use it?

Answer 3

activiation of both intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the larynx (ex: picking up something heavy)

Question 4

Are you truly abducting during phonation?

Answer 4

No, the vocal folds are opening from air pressure

Question 5

What is the difference between aphonia and dysphonia?

Answer 5

a=absense, dys=abnormal

Question 6

What is an indicator a vocal condition is not neurological?

Answer 6

Looks symmetrical, healthy

Question 7

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 7

Larynx and above

Question 8

What does the lower respiratory tract consist of?

Answer 8

Below the larynx (level of trachea). Trachea, lungs, bronchi, bronchioles

Question 9

How big is the trachea?

Answer 9

11-12 cm (4 inches)

Question 10

How many tracheal rings are there?

Answer 10

16-20

Question 11

How many lobes do the lungs have?

Answer 11

right-3 left-2

Question 12

What is pulmonary surfactant?

Answer 12

Like detergent, decreases surface tension of the lungs allowing them to expand and contract. Without=breathing pain

Question 13

What is pleurae?

Answer 13

Thin covering that protects and cushions the lungs

Question 14

WHat happens if pleurae of the lungs is infected?

Answer 14

Very painful, impacts breathing, voicing

Question 15

What are the different parts of the lung?

Answer 15

Apex=top, Base=bottom, Root=hilium (pulmonary embolism comes from here, impacts voice) costal portion=curved surface (that ribs encase)

Question 16

Why do SLPs need to be concerned about the lungs?

Answer 16

Teach people to maximally breathe, breath is a vital component of phonation and speech

Question 17

How does respiration function like bellows?

Answer 17

Air becomes less dense than air outside, Air rushes in to area of lower pressure (inside lungs), body is enlarged to accomodate

Question 18

Is inspiration/expiration active or passive?

Answer 18

Inspiration=active

Expiration=passive

Question 19

What are the passive forces of respiration?

Answer 19

natural recoil of muscles, cartilages, ligaments, lung tissue, surface tension of film lining alveoli, pull of gravity

Question 20

What are the 5 aspects of normal voice?

Answer 20

Loudness, hygiene, representative, pleasant, flexibility (able to express range of emotions)

Question 21

What level is the larynx?

Answer 21

C4-C6

Question 22

What is the angle of the laryngeal prominence in males?

Answer 22

90 degrees

Question 23

What is the angle of the laryngeal prominence in females?

Answer 23

120 degrees

Question 24

What is the laryngeal inlet (aditus laryngis)?

Answer 24

Entrance into the larynx

Question 25

Which nerve innervates the intrinsic laryngeal muscles?

Answer 25

Vagus nerve

Question 26

What are the two portions of the cricothyroid muscle?

Answer 26

Pars recta and pars oblique

Question 27

Do the ventricular folds adduct during normal phonation?

Answer 27

No

Question 28

What is the significance of the ventricular folds?

Answer 28

Adduct during forceful coughing. Glands within help moisten vocal folds.

Question 29

What is the minimum phonation threshold pressure (PTP) to initiate voice?

Answer 29

2-3cmh20

Question 30

What causes vocal fold vibration?

Answer 30

Combination of muscular(initial adduction) and aerodynamic forces (air being exhaled)

Question 31

What is one cycle of vocal fold vibration (general)?

Answer 31

closed-open-closed

Question 32

How many cycles of vocal fold vibration happen in men? women? Children?

Answer 32

125Hz(times)men; 225 Hz adult female; 265 Hz child

Question 33

What is the body cover theory?

Answer 33

Hirano and colleagues. Relative stiffness of different areas of vocal folds contributes to vibration. Compliant outer layer, less compliant middle, least compliant body. Loose outer layer moving(cover)=mucosal wave

Question 34

What are the three vibratory patterns of wave phonation see in a laryngostrobosopic exam?

Answer 34

Horizontal(medial to lateral), longitudinal (anterior to posterior) and vertical (inferior to superior)

Question 35

What is normal horizontal and longitudinal excursion of the vocal folds?

Answer 35

Horizontal: 1-2mm. Longitudinal: 3-5 mm.

Question 36

What are the three types typical of vocal onset?

Answer 36

Breathy, glottal, simultaneous

Question 37

What are the three widely recognized registers?

Answer 37

Falsetto, modal, glottal fry(pulse)

Question 38

Modal phonation

Answer 38

Use for most of conversational speech. Moderate: longitudinal tension, medial compression, adductive force. Women: 150-500hz Men: 80-450hz

Question 39

Modal phonation

Answer 39

Use for most of conversational speech. Moderate: longitudinal tension, medial compression, adductive force. Women: 150-500hz Men: 80-450hz

Question 40

Glottal fry characteristics

Answer 40

Minimal Longitudinal tension, moderate medial compression, mild adductive force Double or triple closure pattern for each cycle. Syncopated, secondary beat producing crackling sound Women and men: 35 to 90 Hz

Question 41

Falsetto voice quality

Answer 41

Higher pitch than modal Men:300-600hz Moderately High longitudinal tension, medial compression, high adductive force. Little or no posterior vibration, anterior vibrates rapidly

Question 42

What are the primary muscles responsible for pitch change?

Answer 42

Cricothryoid, thyrovocalis, thyromuscularis(lower pitch)

Question 43

What are the primary biomechanical determinants of rate of vibration?

Answer 43

Length, tension, mass (MASS LENGTH AND STIFFNESS!)

Question 44

What is responsible for the loudness of the voice?

Answer 44

Primarily subglottal pressure (more breath in lungs), then medial compression, and the duration, speed, and degree of vocal fold closure. Louder=Vocal folds closed for longer periods, but abduct more widely

Question 45

What causes changes in voice quality?

Answer 45

Changes in glottal source and the resonant characteristics of the vocal tract

Question 46

What air pattern is associated with breathiness?

Answer 46

Incomplete glottal closure allowing excess turbulent air through

Question 47

What is rough voice quality often associated with?

Answer 47

Aperiodic vocal fold vibration

Question 48

What is strained voice quality often associated with?

Answer 48

Considerable medial compression of the true (and possibly false) vocal folds. Aperiodic vocal fold vibration.