Anatomy of Respiration

Question 1

What are the 4 main functions of the respiration system?

Answer 1

Gas exchange
Acid base balance
Protection from infection
Communication via speech

Question 2

What is the most basic explanation of gas exchange?

Answer 2

Oxygen is added to the blood from air

CO2 is removed from the blood into the air

Question 3

What is the term that describes the following?

“The transport of oxygen to tissues and CO2 away from tissues”

Answer 3

External respiration

Question 4

What is significant about the pulmonary circulation?

Answer 4

It delivers CO2 to the alveoli and picks up O2

Question 5

What type of blood does the pulmonary artery carry?

Answer 5

Deoxygenated blood

Question 6

What type of blood does the pulmonary vein carry?

Answer 6

Oxygenated blood

Question 7

Where are the 2 places in the body gas exchange can occur?

Answer 7

Capillaries

Alveoli

Question 8

What is the normal breathing rate at rest?

Answer 8

10-20 breaths/min

Question 9

Why is it significant that air typically is inhaled through the nose as opposed to the mouth?

Answer 9

The nose is much better at moistening the air

Question 10

What 5 structures make up the upper respiratory system (above sternum)?

Answer 10

Pharynx
Larynx
Oesophagus
Nasal cavity
Tongue

Question 11

What 4 structures make up the lower respiratory system (below sternum)?

Answer 11

Lungs
Trachea
Bronchi
Diaphragm

Question 12

How many lobes are there in the right lung and what are there names (in order from top to bottom)?

Answer 12

3 (Superior, Middle, Inferior)

Question 13

How many lobes are there in the left lung and what are there names (in order from top to bottom)?

Answer 13

2 (Superior, Inferior)

Question 14

Which fissure separates the superior and middle lobe of the right lung?

Answer 14

Horizontal fissure

Question 15

Which fissure separates the middle and inferior lobe of the right lung?

Answer 15

Oblique fissure

Question 16

Which fissure separates the superior and inferior lobe of the left lung?

Answer 16

Oblique fissure

Question 17

Which lung to aspirated foreign bodies tend to be found in and why?

Answer 17

The right lung due to the more vertical trajectory

Question 18

How many times does each primary bronchi branch?

Answer 18

22 times

Question 19

What structures maintains the patency of an airway in the trachea and bronchi?

Answer 19

C-shaped rings of cartilage

Question 20

What is significant about bronchioles in comparison to bronchi?

Answer 20

They contain no cartilage

Question 21

What is the function of type I pneumocytes?

Answer 21

Gas exchange

Question 22

What is the function of type II pneumocytes?

Answer 22

To synthesise surfactant

Question 23

What is surfactant?

Answer 23

A substance which reduces surface tension

Question 24

What is the air in airways that cannot undergo gas exchange known as?

Answer 24

Anatomical dead space

Question 25

What constitutes the lining of the respiratory tract? (6)

Answer 25

``` Epithelium Glands Lymph nodes Blood vessels (for nutrition) Cilia Mucous ```

Question 26

What 3 changes occur in the lining of the respiratory tract as it progresses from the nose to the alveoli?

Answer 26

Epithelium becomes more squamous Mucous cells lost Cilia lost

Question 27

What is mucous produced by?

Answer 27

Goblet cells | Sub-epithelial glands

Question 28

What are the 3 functions of mucous?

Answer 28

Moisten air Trap particles Provide large surface are for cilia action

Question 29

What covers the lungs and interior of the thorax?

Answer 29

The pleural sac

Question 30

What are the structures of the 2 lung pleura (from the inside out)? (3)

Answer 30

Visceral pleura > Pleural cavity > Parietal pleura

Question 31

What is pleurisy?

Answer 31

Inflammation of the pleura

Question 32

What 2 forces keep the pleura and lung stretched?

Answer 32

Elastic recoil of the chest - outward pull | Elastic recoil of the lung - inward pull

Question 33

What happens to the lung and visceral pleura after a pneumothorax?

Answer 33

They collapse to their un-stretched size

Question 34

What 4 muscles are used for inspiration?

Answer 34

External intercostals Diaphragm Scalenes External intercostals

Question 35

What is significant about expiration in terms of muscle use?

Answer 35

Expiration is passive at rest

Question 36

What 2 muscles are used during large expiratory loads?

Answer 36

Abdominal muscles | Internal intercostals

Question 37

What happens to the diaphragm and thoracic volume during inspiration?

Answer 37

Diaphragm contracts | Thoracic volume increases

Question 38

What happens to the diaphragm and thoracic volume during expiration?

Answer 38

Diaphragm relaxes | Thoracic volume decreases

Question 39

What is the physiological change that occurs due to asthma?

Answer 39

Over-reactive constriction of bronchial smooth muscle

Question 40

What effect does asthma have on expiration and inspiration?

Answer 40

Increases resistance of bronchus making expiration difficult | Has no effect on inspiration

Question 41

What are the 3 relevant pressures for inspiration and expiration?

Answer 41

Alveolar pressure - Pa (intra-thoracic pressure) Intra-pleural pressure - Pip Transpulmonary pressure - Pt

Question 42

What is alveolar pressure?

Answer 42

The pressure inside the thoracic cavity

Question 43

What is intra-pleural pressure?

Answer 43

The pressure inside the pleural cavity

Question 44

What is transpulmonary pressure?

Answer 44

The difference between alveolar pressure and intra-pleural pressure

Question 45

Is alveolar pressure negative or positive compared to atmospheric pressure?

Answer 45

It can be either

Question 46

Is intra-pleural pressure negative or positive compared to atmospheric pressure?

Answer 46

Always negative

Question 47

Is transpulmonary pressure negative or positive compared to atmospheric pressure?

Answer 47

Always positive because intra-pleural pressure is always negative