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BMS12 > Anatomy of Respiration > Flashcards

Anatomy of Respiration Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

How does the sternum move?

A

Anterosuperiorly

Like a pump handle

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2
Q

How do the lateral shafts of the ribs move?

A

Elevate

Like bucket handles

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3
Q

What do the costotransverse joints unite?

A

Posterior rib with transverse process

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4
Q

What allows the middle ribs to rotate?

A

Costotransverse joints have concave transverse processes

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5
Q

What allows the lower ribs to slide?

A

Costotransverse joints have planar transverse processes

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6
Q

What muscles does normal breathing use?

A

Diaphragm

External intercostals

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7
Q

How does the diaphragm move during contraction?

A

Flattens and lowers

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8
Q

What does the diaphragm separate?

A

Thorax and abdomen

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9
Q

What does the diaphragm span?

A

Inferior thoracic aperture

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10
Q

Where are the attachments of the diaphragm? (5)

A

Costal margin

Scalloped attachments between floating ribs and transverse processes

Lumbar attachments/left and right crus

Central tendon with pericardium

Posterior of xiphoid process

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11
Q

What passes through the diaphragm?

A

Descending aorta

Oesophagus

Phrenic and vagus nerves

Inferior vena cava

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12
Q

What part of the diaphragm does the inferior vena cava pass through?

A

Central tendon

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13
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Phrenic nerve (mixed somatic)

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14
Q

On which side is the dome of the diaphragm higher? Why?

A

Right - liver

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15
Q

Where does the phrenic nerve originate?

A

C3, 4, 5

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16
Q

Describe the path of the phrenic nerve as it descends through the thorax

A

Outside pericardium

In front of root of lung

More lateral than vagus

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17
Q

How many layers of intercostal muscles are there?

A

3

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18
Q

What are the different intercostal muscles?

A

External

Internal

Innermost

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19
Q

What is the effect of the external intercostal muscles contracting?

A

Raise thoracic cage

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20
Q

What are the accessory/secondary muscles of respiration? (6)

A

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Sternocleidomastoid

Scalenes

Serratus anterior

Subcostal muscles and transversus thoracis

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21
Q

Where does pectoralis major attach?

A

Along length of clavicle and sternum

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22
Q

Where does pectoralis minor attach?

A

3, 4, 5 ribs

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23
Q

Where does the sternocleidomastoid attach?

A

Mastoid process to where the sternum meets the clavicle

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24
Q

Where do the scalenes attach?

A

Transverse processes of cervical vertebrae to first and second ribs

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25
Which accessory muscles pull on the upper ribs?
Sternocleidomastoid Scalenes
26
What are the subcostal muscles and transversus thoracis extensions of?
Innermost intercostal muscles
27
What happens during quiet inspiration?
Diaphragm descends 1cm External intercostals contract 500ml air inhaled
28
What is the typical value of tidal volume?
500ml
29
What happens during deep inspiration?
Diaphragm descends 10cm External intercostals contract 2-3L inhaled
30
What happens during deepest inspiration?
Diaphragm, external intercostals, scalene, SCM, pectoralis, serratus anterior used ~5L inhaled
31
What happens during quiet expiration?
PASSIVE Elastic recoil of lungs Diaphragm and external intercostals relax
32
What muscles are involved in forced expiration?
Anterior abdominal wall muscles and internal intercostals
33
What does the upper respiratory tract comprise of?
Nasal cavity Oral cavity Pharynx Larynx
34
What is the pharynx subdivided into?
Nasopharynx Oropharynx Laryngopharynx/hypopharynx
35
What is a function of the larynx other than voice?
Act as a lid to increase thoracic and abdominal pressure in: Coughing, sneezing, vomiting, defecating
36
What does the lower respiratory tract comprise of?
Trachea Bronchi Lungs
37
Describe the structure of the trachea
Single tube Anterior C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage Posterior smooth muscle (trachealis muscle)
38
What is the carina?
Sensitive ridge before bronchi Triggers cough reflex
39
What is the difference between the left and the right bronchi?
Left bends at a sharper angle due to heart
40
*Which division of bronchi has the least amount of cartilage?
Tertiary
41
What occurs at the alveoli?
Gas exchange
42
What are bronchopulmonary segments?
Well-defined regions of the lungs Supplied by specific segmental bronchi and bronchial arteries Encased in its own connective tissue
43
How many lobes do each of the lungs have?
Right = 3 Left = 2
44
What are the three main surfaces of the lung?
Costal Diaphragmatic Mediastinal
45
What is the lung root/hilum?
Site of entry/exit of airways, blood vessels and lymphatic vessels
46
Which lung has a horizontal fissure?
Right lung
47
Which lung has a cardiac notch and lingula?
Left lung
48
What is it called when the lung has collapsed?
Pneumothorax
49
What are the pleura?
Serous membranes that line the lungs and the thoracic cavity
50
What is the space between the two pleural membranes?
Pleural cavity
51
Which pleura lines the lung?
Visceral
52
Which pleura lines the thoracic cage?
Parietal
53
What is the pulmonary ligament?
Extra membrane at the root of the lung due to imperfect continuous pleura
54
What is the layer of tissue between the parietal pleura and the thoracic wall?
Endothoracic fascia
55
What is the function of the pleura?
Smooth movement of lungs Negative pressure keeps lungs inflated
56
What is the value of intrapleural pressure?
(-)4mmHg
57
What is the potential pleural space?
Area in thoracic cage that is available to be filled by lungs
58
Where is the anterior-inferior limit of the lung?
6th rib
59
Where is the lateral-inferior limit of the lung?
8th rib
60
Where is the posterior-inferior limit of the lung?
10th rib
61
Where is the apex/superior limit of the lung?
Above 1st rib
62
What innervates the pleura?
Intercostal nerves Phrenic nerves (diaphragmatic)
63
What is the difference between the pulmonary and bronchial blood supply?
Pulmonary = blood to be oxygenated Bronchial = nutritive function (oxygenated)
64
Which vessels do the lymphatic capillaries travel with in the lung?
Pulmonary arteries
65
Where does the right bronchial artery branch from?
Right third posterior intercostal artery
66
Where do the inferior and superior left bronchial arteries branch from?
Descending aorta
67
What nerves travel with the bronchial arteries?
Bronchomotor nerves

BMS12 (7 decks)

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