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Y1S2Anatomy > Anatomy of the axilla > Flashcards

Anatomy of the axilla Flashcards

1
Q

What are the muscles of the pectoral region?

A

1) Pectoralis major
2) Pectoralis minor
3) Subclavius

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2
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

1) Clavicular head

  • Medial half of the front of the clavicle (attached to the anterior surface of the clavicle)

2) Sterno-costal head

1) Anterior surface of the sternum

2) Upper 6 costal cartilages

3) Aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle

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3
Q

Which part of the pectoralis major muscle arises from the medial half of the front of the clavicle?

A

The clavicular head

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4
Q

Where is the pectoralis major inserted?

A

It is inserted into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus via a flattened bilaminar tendon

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5
Q

What are the nerve supply of the pectoralis major muscle?

A

1) Lateral pectoral nerve

2) Medial pectoral nerve

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6
Q

What is the origin of the pectoralis minor?

A

3rd, 4th & 5th rib close to their cartilages

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7
Q

What is the movements produced by the pectoralis major muscle?

A

Clavicular head:
1) Flexion of the arm

Sterno-clavicular head:
1) Brings the flexed arm to the resting position

The two heads (clavicular & sterno-costal):
1) Adduction
2) Medial rotation of the arm

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7
Q

Where is the pectoralis minor inserted?

A

Into the medial border and upper surface of the coracoid process of the scapula

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7
Q

What is the nerve supply of the pectoralis minor?

A

The medial pectoral nerve

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8
Q

What are the movements of the pectoralis minor muscle?

A

1) Brings the scapula downward and forward

2) Depresses the shoulder

3) Elevates the ribs of origin (3-5) in forced inspiration

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9
Q

What is the origin of the subclavius?

A

The upper surface of the 1st rib close to its costal cartilage

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10
Q

Where is the subclavius inserted?

A

In the groove under the clavicle surface of the 1/3 intermediate

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11
Q

What are the nerve supply of the subclavius?

A

Upper trunk of brachial plexus C5 & 6

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12
Q

What is the function of the subclavius muscle?

A

1) Steadies the clavicle when moving the shoulder girdle

2) A buffer that protects great vessels & nerves from the bones

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13
Q

What is the clavipectoral fascia?

A
  • A strong fibrous sheet situated under cover of the clavicular head of the pectoralis major
  • It occupies the gap between the clavicle and the pectoralis minor
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14
Q

Where is the clavipectoral fascia attached?

A

1) Medially it is attached to the 1st rib

2) Laterally it is attached to the coracoid process

3) From above it splits to enclose the subclavius and attach to the clavicle

4) From below it encloses the pectoralis minor

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15
Q

What is the suspensory ligament?

A

It is the downward continuation of the clavipectoral fascia which joins the fascial floor of the axilla

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16
Q

what forms the costo-coracoid membrane?

A

It is the clavipectoral fascia, forming this membrane as it moves downwards from the subclavius to the pectoralis minor

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17
Q

What is the function of the clavipectoral fascia?

A

1) Protects the content of the axilla via filling the gap between the clavicle and pectoralis minor

2) The suspensory ligament raises the skin of the armpit when the clavicle is elevated

18
Q

What are the structures that pierces the clavipectoral fascia?

A

1) Cephalic vein
2) Thoraco-acromial artery
3) Lateral pectoral nerve
4) Medial pectoral nerve
5) Lymphatic vessels

19
Q

Which structure maintains the concavity of our axilla when it is raised?

A

The suspensory ligament of the clavipectoral fascia

20
Q

Which nerve innervates both the pectoralis major and minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve (which branches from the medial cord)

21
Q

Describe the axilla

A

Pyramidal shaped space between the upper part of the arm and the side wall of the chest it has (lateral, anterior, posterior, middle walls, apex & a big base)

22
Q

Describe the apex of the axilla

A
  • Triangular bony space bounded by:

1) Anteriorly, posterior surface of the clavicle

2) Posteriorly, upper border of the scapula

3) Medially, outer border of the 1st rib

23
Q

Describe the base of the axilla

A

It is directed downwards and formed by the skin and the axillary fascia

  • Basically the armpit
24
Q

What covers the anterior wall of the axilla?

A

1) Pectoralis major
2) pectoralis minor
3) Subclavius
4) Clavipectoral fascia

25
Q

What forms the posterior wall of the axilla?

A

1) Subscapularis
2) Teres major
3) Latissimus dorsi
4) Scapula

26
Q

What forms the medial wall of the axilla?

A

1) Upper 2nd-6th rib
2) Upper 6 intercostal muscles
3) The upper part of serratus anterior

27
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the axilla?

A

Biceps muscles and the intertubercular groove (bicipital groove)

28
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of the axilla

A

1) Anterior axillary line (formed by the inferolateral border of pectoralis major)

2) Midaxillary line (middle of the axilla)

3) Posterior axillary line (formed by the latissimus dorsi muscle and teres major)

29
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

A

1) Axillary vessels
2) Axillary lymph nodes
3) Axillary tail of breast
4) Axillary fat and loose areolar tissue
5) Cords and branches of brachial plexus

30
Q

What is meant by the brachial plexus?

A

It is a network of nerves that originates from the spinal cord and controls muscle movement and sensation in the
1) Shoulder
2) Arm
3) Hand

31
Q

What are the different axillary lymph nodes?

A

1) Anterior (Pectoral): located at the inferior border of pectoralis minor

2) Posterior (subscapular): over subscapularis

3) Lateral (humeral): draining from the upper limb

4) Central: in the center

5) Apical: running with the axillary vein at the apex of the axilla

32
Q

What are the body regions that drains into the lateral lymph node?

A

From the whole upper limb except few lymphatics accompany cephalic vein.

33
Q

What are the body parts that drains into the posterior lymph node?

A

upper part of the trunk posteriorly, Axillary tail of the breast

34
Q

What are the body parts that drains into the anterior lymph node?

A

Upper part of the trunk anteriorly, Lateral & central parts of the breast

35
Q

Which nodes empty their contents into the central node?

A
  • Located in the center

1) Anterior
2) Posterior
3) Lateral

36
Q

Which body parts and lymph nodes empty into the apical node?

A

1) Upper part of the breast, which accompany cephalic vein

2) Lateral node

3) Posterior node

4) Anterior node

37
Q

The content of the apical lymph node gets emptied into where?

A

1) Subclavian lymph trunk

Then from the left side it goes to the thoracic duct

and Right lymphatic duct from the right side

38
Q

Describe the origin of the axillary artery

A
  • It arises from the aortic arch which give rise to the subclavian artery, and once its passes the outer border of the 1st rib it becomes the axillary artery
39
Q

What are the divisions of the axillary artery in the axilla?

A

it is divided into 3 regions by the pectoralis minor muscle

1) Proximal
2) Deep
3) After P.minor

once it reaches Teres major it changes to become the brachial artery

40
Q

What are the branches of the axillary artery?

A

1) First part will give the superiothoracic artery

2) The medial (deep into the pectoralis minor) will give thoracoacromial & lateral thoracic artery

3) The third part after the pectoralis minor and before teres major will give rise to (subscapularis artery, antero and posterio circumflex humeral artery “these two artery will anastomose around the surgical neck of the humerus)

41
Q

What is the origin of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

The 8 digitation of the outer surface of the upper 8 ribs

42
Q

Where is the insertion of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

1) The 1st digitation is inserted in the costal surface of the superior angle

2) The 2nd & 3rd digitations are inserted to the whole length of the costal surface of the medial border

3) The lower 5 digitations are inserted to the costal surface of the inferior angle

43
Q

What is the nerve supply of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

Long thoracic nerve

44
Q

What is the function of the serratus anterior muscle?

A

1) Protracts the scapula forward

2) The lower 5 digitations draw the lower angle of the scapula forward and assist in rotating the scapula upward “raises the arm above the head”

45
Q

What happens if you injured the long thoracic nerve?

A
  • It passes down the lateral thoracic wall on the external surface of the serratus anterior muscle

It causes the loss of function of the serratus anterior muscle and causes winging of the scapula

  • It is highly vulnerable to damage during superficial injuries

Y1S2Anatomy (18 decks)

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