Anatomy of the Cardiovascular System 1

Question 1

Where in the body are blood vessels and lymphatics not present?

Answer 1

Blood vessels everywhere except cartilage

Lymphatics everywhere except brain and eyes

Question 2

What are the main circulations?

Answer 2

Pulmonary and system
Pulmonary goes heart - lungs - heart
Systemic goes heart - body - heart

Question 3

What circulation begins and ends in the capillaries?

Answer 3

Hepatic portal circulation

Question 4

What stops the heart from over-expanding?

Answer 4

Outer fibrous pericardium

Question 5

What is the surface marking of the apex of the heart?

Answer 5

5th intercostal space at midclavicular line

Question 6

What forms the posterior surface of the heart?

Answer 6

Left atrium

Question 7

What makes up 2/3rds of the anterior heart?

Answer 7

Right ventricle

Question 8

What is the difference between the lie of the heart in children vs in adults?

Answer 8

Lies higher and more horizontal in children

Question 9

What are the anatomical relations of the heart?

Answer 9

Sternum 
Costal cartilages 4-7 
Anterior ridges of lungs and pleura 
Thymic remnants 
Oesophagus 
Descending aorta 
Thoracic vertebrae 5-8 
Lungs and phrenic nerves
Central tendon of diaphragm

Question 10

Where is the sternal angle?

Answer 10

Level of T4

Question 11

What are the layers of the heart?

Answer 11

Endocardium
Myocardium
Epicardium

Question 12

What is the endocardium formed of?

Answer 12

Epithelium
Basement membrane
Connective tissue

Question 13

What is the myocardium formed from?

Answer 13

Muscle

Question 14

What is the epicardium formed from?

Answer 14

Connective tissue
Basement membrane
Epithelium

Question 15

What does the endocardium line?

Answer 15

Heart chambers

Question 16

What type of epithelium is in the endocardium?

Answer 16

Simple squamous

Question 17

What does the endocardium form?

Answer 17

Valves

Question 18

What cell type is cardiac muscle formed of?

Answer 18

Myocytes

Question 19

How are chamber lumen closed down?

Answer 19

Muscle bundles in different planes

Question 20

What are myocytes connected by?

Answer 20

Intercalated discs

Question 21

What is the function of desmosomes in the intercalated discs of the heart?

Answer 21

Connect at horizontal interface and bind myocytes together

Question 22

What is the function of gap junctions in the intercalated discs of the heart?

Answer 22

Connect at the vertical interface and supply electrical communication which is essential for a co-ordinated cardiac cycle

Question 23

What type of epithelium is in the epicardium?

Answer 23

Simple squamous

Question 24

What layer of the heart contains the main branches of the coronary arteries?

Answer 24

Epicardium

Question 25

What is direction of blood flow in the heart controlled by?

Answer 25

Valves

Question 26

What do the chordae tendinae and papillary muscles prevent?

Answer 26

Valve failure

Question 27

How are heart valves clinically important?

Answer 27

In relation to abnormalities causing incompetence or stenosis and in infection

Question 28

What valves are semilunar valves?

Answer 28

Aortic and pulmonary

Question 29

What valves are bicuspid valves?

Answer 29

Mitral

Question 30

What valves are atrioventricular valves?

Answer 30

Tricuspid and mitral

Question 31

What does failure of the aortic valve to close tightly cause?

Answer 31

Backflow of blood into the left ventricle

Question 32

The cardiac skeleton provides structural support for what?

Answer 32

Atrioventricular septum Roots of great vessels Anchorage for valves Myocytes and capillary network

Question 33

The cardiac skeleton provides electrical insulation for what?

Answer 33

Atria from ventricles Myocardium from great vessels Purkinje fibres

Question 34

What kind of tissue forms the cardiac skeleton?

Answer 34

Connective tissue

Question 35

What are the attachments of the heart?

Answer 35

Central tendon of diaphragm Sternum Roots of great vessels

Question 36

What is the heart lined by?

Answer 36

Serous pericardium

Question 37

What is the serous pericardium made of?

Answer 37

Epithelium

Question 38

What is secreted by the serous pericardium?

Answer 38

Pericardial fluid which acts as a lubricant

Question 39

What are the visceral and parietal pericardial layers bound to?

Answer 39

Visceral layer bound to heart epicardium | Parietal layer bound to fibrous pericardium

Question 40

The visceral and parietal pericardial layers are continuous, what does this allow?

Answer 40

Freedom of movement of the heart during the cardiac cycle

Question 41

At systole, openings in the aortic sinuses are shielded by what?

Answer 41

Aortic valve cusps

Question 42

At diastolic what happens to the aorta?

Answer 42

There is elastic recoil of the aorta which closes the aortic valve and allows blood to enter the arteries

Question 43

Where are the coronary arteries located?

Answer 43

In the epicardium