Anatomy of the Cell - Lecture 1

Question 1

What are the features of common to all eukaryotic cells.

Answer 1

Cellular Membrane 
Cytosol 
Cytoskeleton 
Membrane Bound Organelles 
Inclusion

Question 2

What is the Cytosol?

Answer 2

A solution of proteins and electrolytes and carbohydrates

Question 3

What does the cytoskeleton consists of?

Answer 3

1. Thin filaments
2. Intermediate filament
3. Microtubules

Question 4

What is the purpose of the Cytoskeleton?

Answer 4

Determines the shape and fluidity of the cell.

Question 5

What is the Plasmalemma?

Answer 5

The Cell Membrane

Question 6

Describe the polarity of the Membrane?

Answer 6

It is amphipathic phospholipid bilayer

Question 7

What is the arrangement of the phospholipids in the bilayer?

Answer 7

The hydrophilic heads are on the outer region.

The hydrophobic fatty acid chains face towards the middle of the two layers

Question 8

What do embedded protein act as in the Membrane?

Answer 8

1. Receptor channels
2. Transporters
3. Enzymes
4. Cell attachment proteins

Question 9

What is the membrane considered (e.g. solid, liquid, gas) ?

Answer 9

The cell membrane is a fluid
It can change it shape easily
Membrane proteins can diffuse laterally in the cell.

Question 10

What is the membrane highly permeable to?

Answer 10

1. Water
2. Oxygen
3. Small hydrophobic molecules

Question 11

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Answer 11

Energy production

Question 12

What is the function of the Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum?

Answer 12

Protein Synthesis

Question 13

What is the function of the Smooth Endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 13

Cholesterol/lipid synthesis and detoxification

Question 14

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 14

Modification and packaging

Question 15

What are the functions of Lysosomes?

Answer 15

Hydrolytic enzyme for intracellular digestion

Question 16

What is the function of the Nucleus?

Answer 16

Genetic Code stored here

Question 17

What are Microfilaments made from?

Answer 17

Composed of Actin

Question 18

What is the structure of Intermediate Filaments?

Answer 18

6 main proteins

Question 19

What is the function of Intermediate filaments?

Answer 19

• Bind to the plasmalemma

* Used for structure

Question 20

What are Microtubules composed of?

Answer 20

Compose of two tubulin proteins

Question 21

Where do Microtubules originate from?

Answer 21

The centrosome

Question 22

What is the function of the Microtubules ?

Answer 22

Serve as a motorway to transport material with the aid of dynein and kinesin.

Question 23

What is Kinesin?

Answer 23

Kinesin is an ATPase that moves towards the cell membrane

Question 24

What is Dynein?

Answer 24

Dynein is an ATPase that moves towards cell centre.

Question 25

What is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 25

Perinuclear Cistern

Question 26

What is Euchromatin?

Answer 26

Euchromatin - DNA that is actively undergoing transcription.

Question 27

What is Heterochromatin?

Answer 27

Heterochromatin, DNA condensed and not undergoing transcription.

Question 28

Where are Ribosomes formed?

Answer 28

The Nucleolus

Question 29

Describe Protein synthesis in the R.E.R?

Answer 29

* Free ribosome attaches to mRNA * If ER signal sequence is present growing peptide is inserted into a pore in the ER * Growing peptide forms in the ER * Ribosomes detaches (most proteins then enter SER)

Question 30

What is the purpose of the Golgi Apparatus?

Answer 30

Modification and packaging of the macromolecules

Question 31

What is the function of the S.E.R ?

Answer 31

Important role in the synthesis of lipids

Question 32

What face do vesicles arrive on the golgi?

Answer 32

The Cis Fce

Question 33

What face do the Vesicles leave the golgi from?

Answer 33

The Trans face

Question 34

What is the function of the Mitochondria?

Answer 34

Generation of ATP Synthesis of Lipids Play a role in cell death

Question 35

What are the types of Intracellular junctions?

Answer 35

Occulding Junctions Anchoring Junctions Communicating Junctions

Question 36

What is the fucntion of an Occulding Junction?

Answer 36

Links cell together to form a diffusion barrier

Question 37

Where are Occudling junctions found?

Answer 37

Focal regions of close apposition between cells

Question 38

What are the functions of Anchoring Junctions ?

Answer 38

Provide Mechanical strength

Question 39

What are the three types of anchoring junctions?

Answer 39

Adherent Junctions Desmosomes Hemi-Desmosomes

Question 40

What is the function of a Communicating Junction?

Answer 40

Allow movement of ions between cells | -Found in smooth muscle/cardiac muscle