Diversity of Cells and their Function - Lecture 2

Question 1

How can material cross the cell membrane?

Answer 1

Diffusion
Pumps and Channels
Vesicular Transport

Question 2

What is Endocytosis?

Answer 2

Material from the extracellular fluid being incorporated into the cell

Question 3

What is the mechanism of endocytosis?

Answer 3

Cell invaginates
Creates pseudopodia
Membrane fuses
Forms an Endosome

Process governed by receptors

Question 4

What are the three steps of endocytosis?

Answer 4

1. Invagination
2. Fusion
3. Budding

Question 5

Describe Phagocytosis?

Answer 5

Bacteria/ Large particle joins the surface

Triggers receptors of Pseudopodia

The pseudopodia and form a phagosome

The phagosome binds with a lysosome forming a phagolysosome

Material is digested

Question 6

How is tissue preserved so it may be viewed down a microscope? (5)

Answer 6

Cut very thinly - to allow light through
Impregnated with a support material

For waxing: It has to be dehydrated (via xylene)

Sample then placed in an organic solvent and then placed into hot wax.

Thin sections are then cut on a microtome and put onto microscope slides

The wax is washed out and the tissue is rehydrated

Question 7

What are the two Tissue stains used?

Answer 7

Haematoxylin

Eosin

Question 8

What is Haematoxylin?

Answer 8

Haematoxylin is a basic dye that has an affinity for acidic molecules, stained bluish purple

Question 9

What is Eosin?

Answer 9

Eosin is an acidic dye that has an affinity for basic molecules, stained pink/red

Question 10

What are the basic types of tissue? (4)

Answer 10

1. Epithelium
2. Connective
3. Muscle
4. Nervous

Question 11

Where are Epithelia found? (3)

Answer 11

Found were the outside meets inside.

Used to line hollow organs

Form glands

Question 12

How do epithelia cells gain nutrients?

Answer 12

All are non-vascular cells and gain nutrients from capillaries

Question 13

What are Polarised cells?

Answer 13

They are different at the apical and basal ends

Question 14

What are the functions of Epithelia cells? (5)

Answer 14

Mechanical Barrier
Chemical Barrier
Absorption 
Secretion
Containment

Question 15

What are the types of Epithelia?

Answer 15

1. Squamous
2. Cuboidal
3. Columnar

Question 16

Name the layers of Epithelia Cells?

Answer 16

Simple - one layer
Stratified - two or more layers
Psuedostratified - appears to have more than one, but only has one.

Question 17

What are endocrine glands?

Answer 17

Endocrine Glands: Products secreted towards the basal lamina then disturbed to the vascular
system

Question 18

What epithelia secrets products?

Answer 18

Glandular epithelia

Question 19

What are exocrine glands?

Answer 19

Products secreted towards the apical end, they then go to the lumen, internal
space, or into a ducts

Question 20

What type of glands are duct glands?

Answer 20

Exocrine glands

Question 21

What are the types of connective tissue?

Answer 21

Soft connective tissue
Hard connective tissue
Blood and lymph.

Question 22

What does connective tissue consist of?

Answer 22

Extracellular Matrix

Cells

Question 23

What is the Extracellular matrix of connective tissue made from?

Answer 23

Reticular Fibres
Elastic Fibres 
Collagen
Ground Substance
Tissue fluid

Question 24

What is the Ground Substance in the Extracellular Matrix of Connective Tissue?

Answer 24

An amorphous space occupying material made of huge unbranched 
polysaccharide molecules (glycoaminoglycans)

Question 25

What cells are found in Connective Tissue?

Answer 25

Fibroblasts Adipose Cells Osteocytes Chondrocytes (cells of the cartilage)

Question 26

What are three types of Cartilage?

Answer 26

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Question 27

What is the shaft of the bone called?

Answer 27

The Diaphysis

Question 28

What is the Diaphysis made from?

Answer 28

Cortical Bone

Question 29

What are the ends of bone called?

Answer 29

Epiphyses

Question 30

What are Epiphyses made from?

Answer 30

Cancellous/Trabecular Bone

Question 31

What are the types of muscle?

Answer 31

Smooth Cardiac Skeletal

Question 32

Describe Smooth Muscle.

Answer 32

Smooth muscle is elongated spindle shapes. No striations can be seen.

Question 33

What is Involuntary Muscle?

Answer 33

Skeletal Muscle

Question 34

Describe Skeletal Muscle.

Answer 34

Striated Muscle Multi-nucleated Nuclei located at the periphery

Question 35

What is the cell membrane of Skeletal Muscle?

Answer 35

The Sarcolemma

Question 36

Describe Cardiac Muscle.

Answer 36

Has Striations Attach to neighbouring cells via Intercalated Discs

Question 37

What does Nervous tissue consist of?

Answer 37

Neurones Support cells (Glia Cells)

Question 38

What is the connective tissue coat in the central nervous system?

Answer 38

The Meinges

Question 39

What is the connective tissue coat in the peripheral nervous system?

Answer 39

The Epineurium

Question 40

What are the Glia Cells in the Central Nervous System?

Answer 40

Astrocytes Oligodenrocytes Microglia

Question 41

What are the Glia Cells in the Peripheral Nervous System?

Answer 41

Schwann cells

Question 42

What is the function of Astrocytes?

Answer 42

Astrocytes: used for support and for ion transport

Question 43

What is the function of Oligodenrocytes?

Answer 43

Oligodenrocytes: used to produce myelin

Question 44

What is the function of Microglia?

Answer 44

Microglia: provide immune surveillance.

Question 45

What is the function Schwann cells?

Answer 45

Schwann cells: Produce myelin and support axons.