Anatomy of the face/neck

Question 1

which tracheal rings are crossed by the isthmus

Answer 1

2nd - 4th

Question 2

where does the superior thyroid artery come from

Answer 2

external carotid artery

Question 3

what is the carotid sheath

Answer 3

a tube of fascia containing the:

1. carotid artery
2. jugular vein
3. vagus nerve

Question 4

enlargement of the thyroid gland can compress what?

Answer 4

the trachea

Question 5

what is the inferior pole of the thyroid very close to

Answer 5

recurrent laryngeal nerve

Question 6

what are the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 6

sternothyroid
thyrohyoid
ETC

Question 7

what is the function of the extrinsic laryngeal muscles

Answer 7

move the larynx up and down the neck and support its central position (particularly important for swallowing)

Question 8

where may an emergency airway be created

Answer 8

between the thyroid and cricoid cartilage (through the cricothyroid membrane)

Question 9

why does the thyroid gland have such a good blood supply

Answer 9

iodine is present in very low conc in blood: gland needs high blood flow to ensure adequate delivery of iodine

Question 10

what is the location of the parathyroid glands

Answer 10

posterior surface of the thyroid gland

Question 11

what is the only complete cartilage ring around the airway

Answer 11

the cricoid cartilage

Question 12

a patient may develop hypocalcaemia after thyroid surgery, why?

Answer 12

parathyroid glands may be removed: will cause acute (sudden) hypoparathyroidism

Question 13

what is the pharynx made up of

Answer 13

nasopharynx
oropharynx
hypopharynx/laryngopharynx

Question 14

what are the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Answer 14

superior
middle
inferior

Question 15

what are the origins of the 3 pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Answer 15

superior - medial pterygoid plate
middle - hyoid bone
inferior - thyroid cartilage

Question 16

which cranial nerds form the pharyngeal plexus

Answer 16

X (vagus)

XI (glossopharyngeal)

Question 17

what is the weakest part of the pharyngeal wall

Answer 17

lower part of pharynx in the midline

Question 18

where does the cervical sympathetic chain lie

Answer 18

posterior to the carotid sheath (has 3 ganglia in the neck)

Question 19

what does the vagus nerve have just before it enters the skull

Answer 19

sensory gangli on it

Question 20

towards the top of the neck, the vagus nerve has a large branch which passes down and medially. what is this

Answer 20

superior laryngeal nerve

Question 21

what is the internal laryngeal nerve

Answer 21

sensory nerve to the larynx above the vocal cords

Question 22

what does the external laryngeal nerve supply

Answer 22

cricothyroid muscle and cricopharyngeal part of inferior constrictor

Question 23

what is the carotid sinus

Answer 23

at the origin of the internal carotid artery, there is a swelling

Question 24

what is the internal carotid artery innervated by

Answer 24

glossopharyngeal nerve

Question 25

what does the tympanic branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve supply

Answer 25

middle ear and eustachian tube

Question 26

the glossopharyngeal nerve runs on the surface of which muscle?

Answer 26

stylopharyngeus

Question 27

what does the carotid sinus measure

Answer 27

BP; pressure is sensed by receptors, signal sent to brain via CN IX and returned via CN X to the heart to slow heart rate

Question 28

what is the name of the fused 1st thoracic and lower cervical sympathetic ganglia

Answer 28

stellate ganglion

Question 29

which special sensation is carried in glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 29

taste from posterior 1/3 of tongue

Question 30

which parts of the pharynx lie below the lower border of the mandible

Answer 30

hypopharynx

Question 31

what is the depression btwn thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Answer 31

cricothyroid membrane

Question 32

what do the 2 cricothyroid muscles do

Answer 32

alter length and tension of vocal cords by tilting thyroid cartilage forward onto cricoid cartilage

Question 33

what do the aryepiglottic folds mark

Answer 33

laryngeal inlet

Question 34

wha does the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage form a synovial joint with

Answer 34

cricoid cartilage

Question 35

what happens to the cricoid cartilage in the elderly

Answer 35

becomes calcified

Question 36

what are superior vestibular folds

Answer 36

false vocal cords

Question 37

what are inferior vocal folds

Answer 37

true vocal cords

Question 38

what are the true and false vocal cords separated by

Answer 38

laryngeal sinus

Question 39

what is the space between the vocal cords

Answer 39

rima glottidis

Question 40

where does the submandibular salivary gland sit

Answer 40

in the floor of the mouth - extends inferior to mid portion of ramps of the mandible

Question 41

which gland does the facial nerve travel through

Answer 41

parotid gland

Question 42

which structure stops liquid refluxing into the back of the nose during swallowing

Answer 42

soft palate

Question 43

describe the histology of the tracheal mucosa

Answer 43

simple, columnar, pseudo stratified, ciliated with goblet cells

Question 44

where does the parotid gland enter the mouth

Answer 44

cheek, adjacent to 2nd upper premolar

Question 45

what is the oral cavity bounded by

Answer 45

anteriorly - lips laterally - cheeks superiorly - palate inferiorly - tongue

Question 46

what is the tongue attached to

Answer 46

posterior of mandible ramus | hyoid bone

Question 47

what does the surface of the anterior 2/4 of tongue lie against

Answer 47

palate

Question 48

what does the surface of the posterior 1/3 of the tongue lie agaijnst

Answer 48

posterior wall of the oropharynx

Question 49

where does the tonsil sit on

Answer 49

superior constrictor of the pharynx

Question 50

what is the tonsil

Answer 50

a consolidation of lymphoid tissue - samples organisms which may try to enter body via mouth or nose

Question 51

what does the roof of the mouth/palate separate

Answer 51

oral and nasal cavities

Question 52

what is the anterior 2/3 of the palate formed by

Answer 52

palatine process of maxillary bones anteriorly and horizontal plates of palatine bones posteriorly

Question 53

what is the anterior 2/3 of the palate called

Answer 53

hard palate

Question 54

what is the posterior 1/3 of the palate called

Answer 54

soft palate, it is muscular

Question 55

what is the function of the eustachian tube

Answer 55

to equalise air pressure either side of the tympanic membrane

Question 56

why is the maxillary sinus more prone to infection

Answer 56

opening into the nasal cavity is at the top of the sinus so it doesn't drain easily

Question 57

why may disease in the maxillary sinus cause cheek numbness

Answer 57

nerve which gives sensation to cheek passes in the roof of the maxillary sinus

Question 58

what structure stops reflux of liquid into the nose during swallowing

Answer 58

soft palate

Question 59

how are the 4 paranasal sinuses named

Answer 59

maxillary, frontal, sphenoid and ethmoid according to bone they're in

Question 60

what are conchae aka

Answer 60

turbinates

Question 61

what is the function of the conchae

Answer 61

to increase SA - increases amount of air that comes into contact with cavity walls - easier for humidifying

Question 62

which nasal sinuses open into the middl meatus

Answer 62

frontal, maxillary and anterior ethmoidal

Question 63

in addition to the nasal sinuses, which 2 other structures open into the nasal cavity?

Answer 63

nasolacrimal duct | Eustachian tube

Question 64

what are the pointy bits at the top of the arytenoid cartilages

Answer 64

corniculate

Question 65

what kind of cartilages are cuneiform

Answer 65

free floating