Neuroanatomy

Question 1

occlusion to which cerebral artery can result in homonymous hemianopia

Answer 1

posterior cerebral artery

Question 2

which arteries supply the primary motor and sensory cortex

Answer 2

anterior and middle cerebral arteries

Question 3

strokes of the anterior circulation will produce what type of weakness? sensory or motor?

Answer 3

motor bc

anterior and middle cerebral arteries supply motor cortex

Question 4

which arteries supply the brainstem

Answer 4

basilar

Question 5

what is Broca’s/Wernicke’s area supplied by in right handed ppl

Answer 5

left middle cerebral artery (anterior circulation)

Question 6

what is CSF produced by

Answer 6

choroid plexus

Question 7

where is the majority of choroid plexus located

Answer 7

walls of lateral ventricles (and roofs of 3rd/4th ventricles)

Question 8

how does CSF drain into the subarachnoid space

Answer 8

lateral ventricles –> IV foramen –> 3rd ventricle –> cerebral aqueduct –> 4th ventricle –> lateral aperture/foramen of lushka –> subarachnoid space

Question 9

how is CSF reabsorbed

Answer 9

by arachnoid villi in dural venous sinuses

Question 10

what is the correct order of meningeal layer (int to ext)

Answer 10

Pia
Arachnoid
Dura

Question 11

which lobe is the hippocampus in

Answer 11

temporal

Question 12

which lobe is the amygdala in

Answer 12

temporal

Question 13

why lobe is the primary motor cortex in

Answer 13

frontal

Question 14

which lobe is the primary visual cortex in

Answer 14

occipital

Question 15

which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex in

Answer 15

parietal lobe

Question 16

which love is the primary auditory cortex in

Answer 16

temporal lobe

Question 17

which lobe is wernicke’s area in

Answer 17

parietal lobe

Question 18

which lobe is Broca’s area in

Answer 18

frontal lobe

Question 19

what are some likely causes of headaches

Answer 19

• raised ICP

- visual disturbance

Question 20

what is the blood supply of Broca’s area

Answer 20

left middle cerebral

Question 21

what is the blood supply of the motor cortex of the arm

Answer 21

middle cerebral

Question 22

what is the blood supply of the sensory cortex of the arm

Answer 22

middle cerebral

Question 23

what is the blood supply of the auditory area

Answer 23

middle cerebral

Question 24

what is the course of entry of the internal carotid artery into the skull

Answer 24

• via carotid canal
• travels horizontally through temporal bone
• enters cranium through foramen lacerum

Question 25

how does the optic nerve enter the cranium

Answer 25

- enters through optic canal in lesser wing of spend bone

Question 26

how does the facial nerve exit the cranium

Answer 26

- through the internal acoustic meatus in temporal bone | - emerges from skull through stylomastoid foramina

Question 27

how does the spinal cord pass through the occipital bone

Answer 27

through the foramen magnum

Question 28

how does the oculomotor nerve enter the cranium

Answer 28

- enters orbit via superior orbital fissure | - btwn greater and lesser wings of sphenoid bone

Question 29

which arteries supply visual cortex

Answer 29

occipital bone | - posterior cerebral arteries

Question 30

what does the oculomotor nerve supply

Answer 30

all extra ocular muscles except superior oblique and lateral rectus

Question 31

which direction would the eye be looking if oculomotor nerve is damaged

Answer 31

downwards and outwards

Question 32

how many extraocular muscles are there

Answer 32

6 - medial/lateral/inferior/superior rectus - inferior/superior oblique

Question 33

what action tests medial rectus

Answer 33

adduction

Question 34

what action tests lateral rectus

Answer 34

aduction

Question 35

what action tests superior rectus

Answer 35

elevation

Question 36

what action tests inferior rectus

Answer 36

depression

Question 37

which actions test superior oblique

Answer 37

adduction | depression

Question 38

which actions test inferior oblique

Answer 38

adduction and elevation

Question 39

what is the correct order of components when moving from the external to internal ear?

Answer 39

tympanic membrane --> malleus --> incus --> stapes --> oval winow

Question 40

where do the majority of descending fibres of corticospinal tract decussate

Answer 40

80% decussate in medulla

Question 41

where is the olfactory nuclei located

Answer 41

olfactory bulb

Question 42

where is the optic nuclei located

Answer 42

in the lateral geniculate body

Question 43

where are CN 3-12 nuclei located

Answer 43

brainstem

Question 44

how is the cerebellum connected to the midbrain, pons and medulla

Answer 44

superior, middle and inferior peduncles respectively (tracts carry info in both directions)

Question 45

what are the 3 cerebellar anterior

Answer 45

posterior inf cerebellar ant inf cerebellar superior cerebellar

Question 46

what is the largest paired cerebellar deep nuclei

Answer 46

dentate nucleus

Question 47

what is the dentate nucleus responsible for

Answer 47

planning, initiation and control of voluntary movements

Question 48

what do the dorsal columns carry and what kind of pathway are they

Answer 48

fine touch, vibration, proprioception | - ascending

Question 49

what is the white matter that connects cerebral hemisphere cortex to other structures

Answer 49

internal capsule

Question 50

how do fibres of olfactory nerve enter the cranium

Answer 50

through foramina of cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

Question 51

what are the constituents of the basal ganglia

Answer 51

- caudate nucleus - putamen - globus pallidus - amygdala

Question 52

what is the papez circuit involved in

Answer 52

memory emotions emotional memory

Question 53

what does the papez circuit consist of

Answer 53

- hippocampus - fornix - mammillary bodies - cingulate gyrus - thalamus - singulum - parahippocampal gyrus

Question 54

what is affected with Parkinson's disease

Answer 54

substantia nigra (loss of neuromelanin containing cells)

Question 55

what is an epidural

Answer 55

injection of a substance into epidural space anywhere along vertebral column

Question 56

what happens in a lumbar puncture

Answer 56

hollow needle is inserted below the level of spinal cord into subarachnoid space in order to remove CSF

Question 57

does the subarachnoid space end at the same level as the spinal cord

Answer 57

no, it extends down to lower sacrum

Question 58

what does the ligament flavour connect

Answer 58

adjacent laminae

Question 59

why are the articular surfaces of cervical joints horizontal

Answer 59

so that dislocation can occur without fracture

Question 60

what is the nerve root of thumb sensation

Answer 60

c6

Question 61

what is the nerve root of the nipple line

Answer 61

t4

Question 62

what is the nerve root of the umbilicus

Answer 62

t10

Question 63

what is the nerve root of the knee

Answer 63

L3

Question 64

what is the nerve root of the big toe

Answer 64

L5

Question 65

what is the blood supply to the spinal cord

Answer 65

- derived from anterior and posterior spinal arteries

Question 66

which arteries supply spinal cord in front of posterior grey column

Answer 66

anterior spinal

Question 67

which arteries supply the posterior grey columns and dorsal columns

Answer 67

posterior spinal arteries

Question 68

what are the 2 parts of the IVD

Answer 68

- nucleus pulposus | - annulus fibrosus

Question 69

what does the annulus fibrous do

Answer 69

surrounds nucleus pulpous and resists its expansion

Question 70

what happens in brown-sequard syndrome (hemisection of spinal cord)

Answer 70

- ipsilateral UMN weakness below lesion - ipsilateral loss of proprioception/vibration - contralateral loss of pain n temp sensation