Anatomy of the heart lecture

Question 1

location of the heart

Answer 1

between the two pleural cavities
in the middle mediastinum

Question 2

how is the mediastinum divided into superior and inferior

Answer 2

by the thoracic plane at T4/5

Question 3

inferior mediastinum division

Answer 3

anterior
middle
posterior

Question 4

what covers the heart

Answer 4

pericardium

Question 5

layers of the pericardium

Answer 5

outer fibrous layer
parietal layer of serous pericardium and visceral layer of serious pericardium

Question 6

fibrous pericardium

Answer 6

cone shaped sac surrounding the heart
fused with vessels
blended with central tendon of diaphragm
attached to the posterior surface of sternum by the sternopericardial ligaments

Question 7

visceral serous pericardium

Answer 7

coats the heart
sometimes called epicardium

Question 8

what do the two layers of serous membrane consist of

Answer 8

mesothelium and loose connective tissue

Question 9

pariteal serous pericardium

Answer 9

lines internal surface of the fibrous pericardial sac

Question 10

pericardial cavity

Answer 10

small space between the serous layers
contains pericardial fluid

Question 11

pericardial sinuses

Answer 11

superiorly surrounding the arteries (aorta and pulmonary trunk
posteriorly surrounding veins (superior VC, inferior VC,

Question 12

what are the two pericardial sinuses

Answer 12

transverse and oblique

Question 13

transverse pericardial sinus

Question 14

oblique pericardial sinus

Question 15

conditions of pericardium

Answer 15

pericarditis
cardiac tamponade

Question 16

great vessels of the heart

Answer 16

left and right brachiocephalic veins
inferior vena ava
pulmonary trunk
pulmonary veins
aorta

Question 17

brachiocephalic veins

Answer 17

formed by the union of the subclavian and jugular veins
unite to form the superior vena cava

Question 18

pulmonary trunk

Answer 18

divides into the left and right pulmonary arteries

Question 19

pulmonary veins

Answer 19

4 of them
two left two right

Question 20

aorta

Answer 20

arch
brachiocephalic trunk
common carotid (left)
subclavian (left)

Question 21

what separates the right atrium

Answer 21

the crest terminalis
which is a thick muscular ridge

Question 22

what are the walls anterior to the crista terminalis covered in

Answer 22

muscular ridges called muscle pectinati
pectinate muscles

Question 23

walls posterior to the crista terminalis

Answer 23

smooth

Question 24

what is the fossa ovalis

Answer 24

mark the location of the embryonic foramen ovale

Question 25

where does deoxygenated blood enter the right atrium

Answer 25

SVC IVC or coronary sinus

Question 26

irregular muscular ridges

Answer 26

trabeculae carneae

Question 27

what does tricuspid have

Answer 27

three cusps

Question 28

what is each cusp attach to

Answer 28

chordae tendineae

Question 29

what do chordae tendineae attach to

Answer 29

two papillary muscles

Question 30

what does the pulmonary semilunar valve consist of

Answer 30

semilunar cusps

Question 31

right atrium internal features

Answer 31

2 structures separated by crista terminalis walls anterior covered in pectinate muscles walls posterior are smooth fossa ovalis mark location of embryonic foramen oval dexoxygenated enters via SVC, IVC, coronary sinus

Question 32

what is in the image

Answer 32

right atrium

Question 33

internal features of the right ventricle

Answer 33

trabeculae carneae tricuspid valves, each cusp attached to chordae tendineae attached to two papillary muscles deoxygenated leaves via pulmonary trunk

Question 34

what is in the image

Answer 34

right ventricle

Question 35

what is the left atrium derived from

Answer 35

posterior half with smooth internal walls anterior half contains musculi pectinati and is continuous with the left auricle

Question 36

internal features of the left atrium

Answer 36

posterior and anterior valves of foramen ovale

Question 37

valve of foramen ovale

Answer 37

important developmentally not always completely fused in adults

Question 38

posterior half of left atrium

Answer 38

receives the 4 pulmonary veins

Question 39

what is in the image

Answer 39

left ventricle

Question 40

internal features of the left ventricle

Answer 40

mitral/bicuspid valve with two cusps cusps attach to the papillary muscles via chordae tendineae trabeculae carneae present longer and thicker walls (myocardium) than right ventricle aortic semilunar valve has 3 cusps oxygenated out by aorta

Question 41

surfaces of the heart

Answer 41

sternocostal (anterior) diaphragmatic (inferior) base (posterior) left and right pulmonary

Question 42

borders of the heart

Answer 42

right inferior left superior

Question 43

surface marking of the aortic valve

Answer 43

medial end of the right 2nd intercostal space

Question 44

surface marking of the pulmonary valve

Answer 44

medial end of the left second intercostal space

Question 45

surface marking of the tricuspid valve

Answer 45

left of the lower part of the sternum near the 5th intercostal space

Question 46

surface marking of the bicuspid valve

Answer 46

left 5th intercostal space at the midclavicular line

Question 47

process of electrical conduction

Answer 47

Sino-atrial node (cardiac pacemaker) generates excitatory signals. * Excitatory signals spread across the atria causing them to contract. * The wave of excitation stimulates the atrioventricular node. * Signal travels down the atrioventricular bundle. * The bundle is specialist tissue which conducts the excitatory impulse to all ventricle musculature. The atrioventricular bundle divides in to a left and right branch. * The branches descend towards the apex * Further divide into terminal pukinje fibres. * The wave of excitation causes the ventricles to contract from the apex upwards. * The Autonomic division of the PNS is directly responsible for controlling heart rate and the force of contraction

Question 48

fibrous cardiac skeleton

Answer 48

4 interconnected rings of dense fibrous connective tissue surrounding the two AV orifices (aortic and pulmonary valve) maintains integrity of openings it surrounds provides cusps attachment provides solid structure for muscle to contract against separated atrial musculature from ventricular musculature electrically isolated

Question 49

electrical isolation

Answer 49

The fibrous skeleton separates the atrial half of the heart from the ventricle half of the heart. They are electrically isolated * The Atrioventricular bundle passes through the skeleton and is the only connection between the two groups of myocardium (cardiac tissue).

Question 50

coronary arteries

Answer 50

right, arises form the right aortic sinus left, arises from the left aortic sinus