Anatomy of the respiratory system

Question 1

which vertebral level is the sternal angle

Answer 1

T4/5

Question 2

label top to bottom

Answer 2

head
neck
angle
subcostal groove
costal cartilage
tubercle
articular facets

Question 3

true ribs articulation

Answer 3

articulate directly with the sternum

Question 4

false ribs articulation

Answer 4

they don’t directly attach to the sternum

Question 5

atypical ribs

Answer 5

1,2,10,11,12
have unusual features

Question 6

rib 1 features

Answer 6

flat
distinct tubercles
has grooves

Question 7

rib 10 features

Answer 7

has one articular facet on its head

Question 8

label top to bottom

Answer 8

body
vertebral foramen
pedicle
lamina
transverse process
spinous process

Question 9

label top to bottom

Answer 9

superior articular facets
superior demifacet
facet for articulation with tubercle of rib
inferior articular facets
inferior demifacet

Question 10

superior articular facets

Answer 10

articulate with the vertebrae above

Question 11

superior demifacets

Answer 11

articulation with the head of the rib

Question 12

inferior demifacet

Answer 12

articulation with head of the rib

Question 13

inferior articular facets

Answer 13

articulate with the vertebrae below

Question 14

rib articulation

Answer 14

typical rib articulates with the body of its own vertebra
transverse process of its own vertebra
and the body of the vertebra above

Question 15

joints in rib articulation

Answer 15

costotransverse and costovertebral

they are synovial

Question 16

accessory muscles in forced inhalation

Answer 16

sternocleidomastoid
scalenes
pectoralis major

Question 17

accessory muscles in forced expiration

Answer 17

internal intercostals
external obliques
internal obliques
transversus abdominus
rectus abdominus

Question 18

muscles of the chest wall

Answer 18

11 pairs of external intercostals
11 pairs internal intercostals
11 pairs innermost intercostals

Question 19

external intercostals

Answer 19

in the intercostal space
between pairs of ribs
elevate ribs and keep intercostal space rigid

Question 20

internal intercostals

Answer 20

in ICS lateral edge of the costal groove to the rib below
depress ribs and keep ICS rigid

Question 21

innermost intercostals

Answer 21

medial edge of costal groove to rib below
act with internal intercostals
subcostal and transversus thoracis

Question 22

arterial supply to the intercostals

Answer 22

posterior intercostal arteries: 1 and 2, supreme intercostal artery, 3-11 thoracic aorta

anterior intercostal arteries: internal thoracic artery
1-6 direct branches
7-11 musculophrenic artery

Question 23

venous drainage of the intercostals

Answer 23

parallels arterial supply intercostal veins
drain into the azygous vein, most posterior
and internal thoracic veins m most anterior

Question 24

innervation of the intercostals

Answer 24

T1-11 are intercostal nerves
T12 is the subcostal nerve

Question 25

label top to bottom

Answer 25

median arcuate right crus left crus medial arcuate lateral arcuate

Question 26

superiorly anatomy of the diaphragm

Answer 26

central tendon no body attachment, fibrous pericardium is attached

Question 27

inferiorly attached anatomy of the diaphragm m

Answer 27

diploid process costal margin and ribs 11 and 12 posterior abdominal wall via arcuate ligaments lumbar vertebrae

Question 28

right crus

Answer 28

L1-3

Question 29

left crus

Answer 29

L1-2

Question 30

3 arcuate ligaments of the diaphragm

Answer 30

median, aorta medial, psoas major lateral, quadrates lumborum

Question 31

respiratory function of the diaphragm

Answer 31

contracts and flattens as a single unit increasing thoracic volume and drawing air into the lungs

Question 32

non respiratory function of the diaphrag m

Answer 32

separates the thoracic and abdominal cavities increases intra-abdominal pressure, helping to expel vomit faeces and urine preventing acid reflux by exerting pressure on the oesophagus as it passes through the oesophageal hiatus

Question 33

what are the 3 diaphragmatic openings

Answer 33

caval opening oesophageal hiatus aortic hiatus

Question 34

caval opening

Answer 34

T8 inferior vena cava right phrenic nerve

Question 35

oesophageal hiatus

Answer 35

T10 vagal trunks oesophageal blood vessels

Question 36

aortic hiatus

Answer 36

T12 aorta thoracic duct azygos vein

Question 37

remembering the level at which structures enter the diaphragm

Answer 37

corresponds to the letters in the word vena cava is 8 oesophagus is 10 aortic hiatus is 12

Question 38

innervation of the diaphragm

Answer 38

phrenic nerves C3,4,5 keep the diaphragm alive

Question 39

right phrenic nerve

Answer 39

caval opening T8

Question 40

left phrenic nerve

Answer 40

passes directly through the diaphragm

Question 41

marginal part of th diaphragm innervation

Answer 41

spinal nerves T6-12 sensory

Question 42

what innervates the crura

Answer 42

spinal nerves from T12

Question 43

what is the respiratory system structurally divided into

Answer 43

upper and Lower respiratory system

Question 44

what is the respiratory system functionally divided into

Answer 44

conducting airway respiratory airway

Question 45

upper respiratory system

Answer 45

above the sternal angle nose pharynx associated structures

Question 46

lower respiratory system

Answer 46

mostly below sternal angle larynx trachea bronchi lungs

Question 47

conducting airway

Answer 47

nose to terminal bronchioles filters, arms and moistens air

Question 48

respiratory airway

Answer 48

respiratory bronchioles to alveoli gas exchange between air and blood

Question 49

trachea

Answer 49

starts at C6 C shaped cartilage rings in walls open part of the C faces posteriorly posterior wall is mainly smooth muscle bifurcates at T4/5 into left and right bronchi

Question 50

bronchial tree

Answer 50

primary bronchus enters the lung root via the hilum within the lung the primary bronchi into lobar bronchi, secondary lobar bronchi divide into segmental bronchi which supply the bronchopulmonary segments

Question 51

segmental bronchi

Answer 51

to each bronchopulmonary segment

Question 52

bronchioles

Answer 52

approximately 13 divisions less cartilage with each division more smooth muscle

Question 53

terminal bronchioles

Answer 53

no cartilage, high in smooth muscle fewer goblet cells Clara cells distally

Question 54

left lung

Answer 54

superior and inferior lobe lingual 2 bronchial arteries oblique fissure

Question 55

right lung

Answer 55

superior inferior and middle lobes 1 bronchi artery oblique and horizontal tissues

Question 56

hilum of the lung contains what

Answer 56

bronchi pulmonary arteeries pulmonary veins pulmonary ligament is the lining

Question 57

where is the horizontal fissure located, surface anatomy

Answer 57

horizontal fissure 4th costal cartilage to mid axillary line

Question 58

pleura

Answer 58

double layered thin mesothelial membrane visceral layer, adheres to the lungs parietal layer, adheres to the chest wall

Question 59

pleural cavity

Answer 59

potential space between the two pleural layers contains pleural fluid

Question 60

costodiaphragmatic recess

Answer 60

potential space ribs 8 to 10

Question 61

pneumothorax

Answer 61

air in the pleural cavity

Question 62

pleural effusion

Answer 62

abnormal collection of fluid in the pleural cavity

Question 63

examples of pleural effusions

Answer 63

haemothorax empyema chylothorax

Question 64

haemothorax

Answer 64

blood in pleural cavity

Question 65

empyema

Answer 65

pus in the pleural cavity

Question 66

chylothorax

Answer 66

lymph in the pleural cavity