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Musculoskeletal > Anatomy of the lower limb > Flashcards

Anatomy of the lower limb Flashcards

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1
Q

Upper limb?

A

Axilla Arm/ brachium Elbow/ cubital fossa Forearm/ anti- brachium Wrist Hand

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2
Q

Lower limb?

A

Inguinal region/groin Thigh/ fermoral region Knee/Popliteal fossa Leg Ankle Foot

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3
Q

Where does lower limb extend from?

A

Pelvis

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4
Q

Functions of lower limb?

A

support body weight locomotion maintain balance

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5
Q

Gluteal region - superficial muscle group?

A

Gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae

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6
Q

Functions of gluteal region superficial muscle group?

A

Extensors, abductors and medial rotators of thigh

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7
Q

Innervation of gluteal region superficial muscle group?

A

Innervated by gluteal nerves - Gluteus maximus = inferior gluteal - All others = superior gluteal Trendelenburg’s gait

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8
Q

Trendelenburg’s gait?

A

Abnormal walking resulting from a defective hip abductor mechanism Gluteus medius and gluteus minimus muscles Weakness of these muscles causes drooping of pelvis to contralateral side

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9
Q

Gluteal region - deep muscle group?

A

Piriformis, obturator internus, gemelli and quadratus femoris

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10
Q

Functions of gluteal region deep muscle group?

A

Lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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11
Q

Innervation of gluteal region deep muscle group?

A

Nerves from sacral plexus

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12
Q
A
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13
Q

Where do nerves enter/ exit pelvis and perineum?

A

Via greater and lesser sciatic foramen

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14
Q

What forms greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Formed by the sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments

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15
Q

When sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments are not in place, what are the greater and lesser sciatic foramen called?

A
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16
Q

Gluteal region is divided into what for injections?

A

Quadrants

UI, UO, LI, LO

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17
Q
A
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18
Q

A number of nerves enter/ exit the pelvis via…?

Examples…?

A

Gluteal region

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19
Q

Sciatic nerve?

A

Largest in body

Supplies posterior thigh, all leg and foot muscles & most of the skin via tibial and common fibular braches

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20
Q
A
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21
Q

Pudendal nerve?

A
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22
Q

Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh?

A

S1- S3

Supplies skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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23
Q
A
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24
Q

Sciatic nerve?

A
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25
Where does sciatic nerve usually exit?
Inferior to piriformis
26
Does sciatic nerve supply anything in gluteal region?
No
27
Where does sciatic nerve separate and into what?
Separates in distal thigh to tibial nerve and common fibular
28
Boundaries of femoral triangle?
Superior - inguinal ligament Medially - adductor longus
29
Contents of femoral triangle?
Femoral Nerve Femoral Artery Femoral Vein Lymphatics (lateral to medial) NAVYL
30
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33
Compartment syndrome?
Fascia creates enclosed space Increased pressure caused by swelling of tissue or increase in fluid Affects functions of the muscles or nerves in the compartment Can be acute or chronic Fasciotomy to relieve pressure in emergency
34
3 compartments of the thigh?
35
3 compartments of the leg?
Anterior, posterior, lateral
36
Anterior compartment of thigh?
Flexors of thigh Extensors of leg All femoral nerve
37
Innervation of anterior compartment of thigh?
All femoral nerve (L2, L3, L4) Except from psoas major - L1, L2, L3
38
Medial compartment of thigh?
Adductors of thigh (Adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus)
39
Innervation of medial compartment of thigh?
All obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) Except from hamstring part of adductor magnus (tibial nerve)
40
Posterior compartment of thigh?
Extensors of thigh and flexors of leg (Semitendinosus, semimembranous & biceps femoris)
41
Innervation of posteiror compartment of thigh?
All tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) Except short head biceps femoris (common fibular division of sciatic nerve)
42
Anterior compartment of leg?
43
Innervation of anterior compartment of leg?
Deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
44
Lateral compartment of leg?
Evert foot & weakly plantarflex ankle | (Fibularis longus, fibularis brevis)
45
Innervation of lateral compartment of leg?
All superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
46
Superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?
Plantarflexors of ankle (Gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris)
47
Innervation of superficial group of posterior compartment of leg?
All tibial nerve (S1, S2)
48
Deep group of posterior compartment of leg?
Flexors of toes & plantarflexors of ankle (Popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior)
49
Innervation of deep group of posterior compartment of leg?
All tibial nerve
50
What type of joint is hip joint?
Ball and socket joint
51
Features of hip joint?
Synovial Multiaxial: - Flexion- extension - Abduction- adduction - Medial- lateral rotation - Circumduction
52
Neck of femur fractures?
At hip joint
53
54
In hip joint what is ball and what is socket?
Ball = head of femur Socket = acetabulum
55
What forms hip joint ligaments?
Thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule forms ligaments
56
Hip joint ligaments?
iliofemoral (ileum to femur) pubofemoral (Pubic bone to femur) ischiofemoral (Ischium to femur)
57
Function of hip joint ligaments?
Strengthen joint capsule
58
Ligament to head of femur from acetabulum?
Ligament surrounds artery and does not support synovial joint Ligamentum teres
59
Main blood supply to hip joint in adults?
Medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries (Usually from deep femoral artery)
60
61
Up to age 4, which artery is important in supplying blood to hip joint area?
Artery to head of fermur
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63
Knee joint?
Hinge joint and synovial joint
64
Hinge joint part of knee joint?
3 articulations: - 2x femerotibial - 1x femeropatellar
65
Main movement of knee joint?
Flexion- extension
66
Synovial joint at knee joint?
External fibrous layer (not as strong as hip joint) Internal membranous layer (extensions as bursae)
67
68
Extracapsular knee joint ligaments?
Patellar ligament Lateral (fibular) cillateral ligament Medial (tibial) collateral ligament
69
Intra- articular ligaments of knee joint?
Anterior cruciate (ACL) Posterior cruciate (PCL)
70
Menisci of knee joint ligaments?
- fibrocartilage - medial and lateral
71
How is knee joint integrity checked?
Anterior/ posterior drawer signs
72
Is knee joint strong or weak?
Weak
73
Where is popliteal fossa?
Posterior to knee
74
Boundaries of popliteal fossa?
* superolaterally – biceps femoris * superomedially – semimembranosus * inferiorly – gastrocnemius * roof – popliteal fascia
75
Contents of popliteal fossa?
lots of fat terminal small saphenous vein popliteal vessels tibial and common fibular nerves
76
Calcaneal/ achilles tendon?
Thickest and strongest of body Tendons of gastocnemius and soleus together Attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus 'Ankle jerk reflex' = normal result is plantarflexion, tests S1, S2 nerve roots
77
78
Superficial lymphatics?
follow saphenous veins drain to superficial inguinal lymph nodes then external iliac lymph nodes
79
Deep lymphatics?
Follow deep veins (Popliteal lymph nodes) Deep inguinal lymph nodes External iliac lymph nodes
80
Lumbar lymphatics?
From external to common iliac
81

Musculoskeletal (12 decks)

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