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Anatomy of the upper limb Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

Meaning of pronate?

A

Turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing downwards or inwards.

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3
Q

Supinate?

A

Turn or hold (a hand, foot, or limb) so that the palm or sole is facing upwards or outwards.

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4
Q

Where does pronation & supinatin occur in upper limbs?

A

At the proximal (superior) and distal (inferior) radioulnar joints

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5
Q

What happens during pronation of upper limb?

A

Radius moves over ulna during pronation

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6
Q

What 3 factors stabalise joints?

A

Shape of articulating bones (= congruency)

Ligaments (and capsule)

Muscle tone

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7
Q

What can failure of mechanisms that stabailise joints when subjected to force lead to?

A

Subluxation (partial dislocation, where articular surfaces are displaced but still overlap)

Dislocation (although not always used in this context)

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8
Q

Articular surface ?

A

Any surface of a skeletal formation (bone, cartilage) that

makes normal direct contact with another skeletal

structure as part of a synovial joint

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9
Q

Elbow joint ligaments which maintain stability?

A
  • Lateral (radial) collateral ligament
  • Annular ligament
  • Medial (ulnar) collateral ligament
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10
Q

Lateral (radial) collateral ligament?

A

Attaches to lateral epicondyle of humerus and annular ligament

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11
Q

Annular ligament?

A

Stabilises proximal radioulnar joint by holding radius against radial notch of ulna

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12
Q
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13
Q

Muscles of shoulder girdle?

A

Trapezius

Rhomboid major

Rhomboid minor

Latissimus dorsi

Pectoralis major

Pectoralis minor

Serratus anterior

Levator scapulae

Rotator cuff muscles

Deltoid

Teres major

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14
Q

Innervation of trapezius?

A

CV XI

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15
Q

Innervation of rhomboid minor & major?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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16
Q

Innervation of latissmus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal nerve

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17
Q

Innervation of pectoralis major?

A

Medial and lateral prectoral nerves

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18
Q

Innervation of pectoralis minor?

A

Medial pectoral nerve

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19
Q

Innervation of serratus anterior?

A

Long thoracic nerve

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20
Q

Innervation of levator scapulae?

A

Dorsal scapular nerve

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21
Q

Innervation of deltoid?

A

Axillary nerve

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22
Q

Innervation of teres major?

A

Lower subscapular nerve

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23
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Rotator cuff muscles?
Important group of muscles found anterior, superior and posterior to shoulder joint |mportant stabalisers of the joint, resiting displacement of humeral head Muscle fibres are orineted horizontally or obliquely --\> therefore hold the head of humerus in the glenoid fossa of the scapula in all positions of joint
32
4 rotator cuff muscles?
Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres minor Subscapularis
33
Greater tuberosity?
Where supraspinatus, infraspinatus and teres minor muscles are attached to humerus
34
Lesser tuberosity?
Attachment of lesser subscapularis to humerus
35
Rotator cuff muscles?
Hold the head of the humerus in the glenoid fossa 1/3 of the humeral head is in contact with glenoid fossa at any time
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Compartments?
Arm and forearm of upper limb are surrounded by deep fascia and separated into compartments by fascial septa Each compartment contains muscles, nerves, arteries, veins and lymphatics
39
What do compartments generally have?
Common arterial supply, venous drainage and motor innervation
40
Anterir arm compartment?
Brachial artery Brachial vein Musculocutaneous nerve supplying muscles
41
Posterior arm compartment?
Artery - profunda brachii, ulnar collateral Vein - Profuna brachii Nerve supllying muscles - Radial
42
Anterior forearm compartment?
Artery - Radial, ulnar Vein - Venae comitantes Nerve supplying muscles - median (+ ulnar)
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Posterior arm compartment?
Artery - interosseous Vein - venae comitantes Nerve supplying muscles - radial
44
Hand compartment?
Artery - deep and superficial palmar arches Nerve supplying muscles - ulnar (+ median = LOAF)
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Anterior compartment (BBC ms)?
Biceps brachii Brachialis Coracobrachialis
46
Innervation of anterior compartment of arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
47
Actions of anterior compartment of arm?
Flexion of arm and forearm | (Biceps brachii also supinates forearm)
48
Posterior compartment of the arm?
Tricepts brachii
49
Innervation of posterior compartment of arm?
Radial nerve
50
Actions of posterior compartment of arm?
Extension of arm and forearm
51
Innervation of posterior compartment of forearm?
ALL radial nerve
52
Actions of posterior compartment of forearm?
Extension of the wrist and digits, abduction and adduction of the wrists; supination of the forearm
53
Thenar eminence?
Group of muscles on the palm of the human hand at the base of the thumb
54
Thenar eminence?
- abductor pollicis brevis - flexor pollicis brevis - opponens pollicis
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Innervation of thenar eminence?
median nerve
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Hypothenar eminence?
- abductor digiti minimi - flexor digiti minimi - opponens digiti minimi
57
Innervation of hypothenar eminence?
Ulnar nerve
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Muscles of hand supplied by median nerve?
LOAF L = medial 2 lumbricals O = opponens pollicis A = abductor pollicis brevis F = flexor pollicis brevis
60
Lumbricals?
Intrinsic muscles of the hand that flex the metacarpophalangeal joints, and extend the interphalangeal joints ## Footnote Attached to tendons of flexor digitorum profundus
61
Innervation of lumbricals?
- median n. (lateral 2) - ulnar n. (medial 2)
62
Interossei?
Dorsal interossei – Abduction of digits (DAB) Palmar interossei – Adduction of digits (PAD
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Innervation of interossei?
All ulnar nerve
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What is sensory and motor innervation of the upper limb provided by?
Brachial plexus
65
Brachial plexus?
Nerve plexus that supplies motor and sensory branches to the shoulder region and the whole of the upper limb
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Where does brachial plexus originate?
From anterior rami of C5- T1
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Where do branches of brachial plexus pass through?
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Roots of brachial plexus?
Derived from anterior rami of spinal nerves C5 to T1
69
How are thr trunks of the brachial plexus derives from the roots?
* C5 and C6 form the superior (upper) trunk * C7 continues as the middle trunk * C8 and T1 form the inferior (lower) trunk
70
Divisions of the brachial plexus?
2 divisions - anterior and posterior division derived from each trunk No branches from divisions
71
How are the cords of the brachial plexus named\>
According to their relationship with the axillary artery
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Posterior cord?
3 posterior divisions come together to form posterior cord
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Lateral cord of brachial plexus?
The anterior divisions of the superior and middle trunks come together to form the lateral cord
74
Medial cord of brachial plexus?
The anterior division of the inferior trunk continues as the medial cord
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Main branches of brachial plexus?
5 main motor and sensory nerves of the upper limb Musculocutaneous nerve Median nerve Ulnar nerve Axillary nerve Radial nerve
76
Musculocutaneous nerve?
Branch of the lateral cord
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Median nerve
Formed from contributions from both the medial and lateral cords
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Ulnar nerve?
Branch of the medial cord
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Which nerves does the posterior cord branch into?
Axillary and radial nerves
80
Minor branches of brachial plexus?
Supply muscles of shoulder girdle
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What is the brachial plexus divided into?
The brachial plexus is divided into five roots, three trunks, six divisions (three anterior and three posterior), three cords, and five branches
82
Carpal tunnel?
An osteofascial tunnel between the carpal bones and the inextensible flexor retinaculum (palmar ligament)
83
Which nerve travels through carpal tunnel and what is it at risk of?
Median nerve At risk of compression in any conditions which reduces the space in the tunnel
84
What is the carpal tunnel formed by?
Flexor retinaculum Carpal bones
85
Contents of carpal tunnel?
Flexor digitorum superficialis (x4) Flexor digitorum profundus (x4) Flexor pollicis longus (x1) Median nerve
86
Arteries of upper limb
87
Scapular anastomosis?
- Suprascapuar - Dorsal scapular - Circumflex scapular
88
Venous drainage of upper limb?
variable - Subclavian - Axillary - Venae comitantes - Cephalic vein - Median cubital vein - Basilic vein
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Muscles in anterior compartment of arm?
Biceps brachialis Coracobrachialis Brachialis
91
Innervation of muscles in anterior compartment of arm?
Musculocutaneous nerve
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Actions of muscles in anterior compartment of arm?
Flexion of arm and forearm Biceps brachii can also supinate forearm
93
Proximal attachments of biceps brachii?
Long head - supraglenoid tubercle of scapula Short head - coracoid process
94
Where do both heads of biceps brachii attach distally?
Both heads attach distally to the lesser tuberosity of the radius.
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Attachments of coracobrachialis?
Attaches from coracoid process of scapula to humerus Flexes forearm at elbow joint
96
Attachment of brachialis?
Attaches from humerus to coronoid process of ulnar Flexes forearm at elbow joint
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Muscles in posterior compartment of arm?
Triceps brachii
99
Innervation of posterior compartment of arm
Radial nerve
100
Actions of posterior compartment of arm?
Extension of arm and forearm
101
Superficial muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?
Pronator teres Flexor carpi radialis Palmaris longus (not everyone has this) Flexor carpi ulnaris
102
Intermediate muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?
Flexor digitorum superficialis:
103
Deep muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?
Flexor digitorum profundus – half ulnar nerve Flexor pollicis longus Pronator quadratus
104
Innervation of muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?
ALL median nerve EXCEPT flexor carpi ulnaris and ulnar (medial) half of flexor digitorum profundus (ulnar nerve)
105
Actions of muscles of anterior compartment of forearm?
Flexion of the wrist and digits; adduction of the wrist; pronation of the forearm
106

Musculoskeletal (12 decks)

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