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Psyco 275 > Anatomy of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Anatomy of the Nervous System Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

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2
Q

Central Nervous System

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

Peripheral Nervous System

A

Somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system

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4
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic

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5
Q

Somatic Division of the PNS

A

Voluntary
Afferent nerves bring information to the CNS
Efferent nerves carry information out of the CNS

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6
Q

Autonomic Division of the PNS

A

Involuntary
Afferent nerves provide information about the state of organs
Efferent nerves are parasympathetic or sympathetic which oppose each other
-flight/fight/freeze vs relaxation

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7
Q

What region of the CNS do sympathetic efferents come from?

A

The thoracolumbar region

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8
Q

What region of the CNS do parasympathetic efferents come from?

A

The craniosacral region

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9
Q

Where are sympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the spinal cord in a chain

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10
Q

Where are the parasympathetic ganglia located?

A

Close to the target organs

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11
Q

What is the length of sympathetic postganglionic fibres?

A

Long

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12
Q

What is the length of parasympathetic postganglionic fibres?

A

Short

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13
Q

How much postganglionic branching is there? (sympathetic)

A

Lots so that multiple organs can be mobilized at once

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14
Q

How much postganglionic branching is there? (parasympathetic)

A

Very little branching

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15
Q

Cranial Nerves

A

12 pairs of nerves in the periphery that originate on the ventral surface of the brain instead of the spinal cord
Purely sensory

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16
Q

Olfactory (I) Sensory

A

Nose

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17
Q

Optic (II) Sensory

A

Eye

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18
Q

Oculomotor (III) Motor

A

All eye muscles except those supplied by IV and VI

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19
Q

Trochlear (IV) Motor

A

Superior oblique muscle

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20
Q

Trigeminal (V) Sensory

A

Face, sinuses, teeth

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21
Q

Trigeminal (V) Motor

A

Muscles of mastication

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22
Q

Abducent (VI) Motor

A

External rectus muscle

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23
Q

Facial (VII) Motor

A

Muscles of the face

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24
Q

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Sensory

A

Inner ear

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25
Glossopharyngeal (IX)
Pharyngeal musculature
26
Vagus (X) Motor
Heart, lungs, bronchi, GIT
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Vagus (X) Sensory
Heat, lungs, bronchi, trachea, larynx, pharynx, GIT, external ear
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Accessory (XI) Motor
Sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles
29
Protection for the CNS
Meniges Cerebrospinal fluid (cushion) Blood brain barrier Encased in bone
30
What are the layers of the meninges?
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater
31
Dura Mater
Epidural (between the skull and dura) Tough outer layer Restricts movement within the skull Sinuses that drain deoxygenated blood and CSF fluid
32
Arachnoid Mater
Collagenous and weblike
33
Pia Mater
Adheres to the surface of the CNS Encloses CSF Where the blood vessels are found
34
What makes cerebral spinal fluid?
Ependymal cells
35
Where is the cerebral spinal fluid found?
Ventricles and central canal
36
How is waste removed from the CSF?
It removes toxic byproducts by having the CSF absorb into the subdural sinus and from there drain into the jugular vein
37
The Function of the CSF
Supports and cushions the brain | Shock absorption
38
Central Canal
Channel runs length of the spinal cord
39
Ventricles
Produce and circulate CSF in the brain Interconnected by a series of openings Single reservoir
40
The Chambers of the Ventricles
2 later 3rd 4th
41
The Function of the Blood-Brain Barrier
Keeps CNS electrochemically separated from the PNS Keeps molecules outside of the brain -lipid soluble materials don't need a transporter (usually)
42
What is the BBB made out of?
Tightly packed cells surrounding blood vessels epithelial and glial cells
43
How are Psychoactive Effects Limited by the BBB?
For there to be significant psychoactive effects, the molecule in question need to have high lipid solubility
44
Ways to Break Down the BBB
``` High blood pressure Not completely formed at birth High concentration of non-permeable molecules Brain injury or disease Infection Microwaves and radiation ```
45
The Brain's Blood Supply
Carotid and vertebrobasilar system form anastomosis in the Circle of Willis
46
What are Neurons?
Specialized cells for electrochemical signals - reception - conduction - transmission
47
Dendrites
Receive synaptic contacts from other neurons
48
Axon Hillock
The cone-shaped region at the junction between the axon and the cell body
49
Cell Body
The metabolic center of the neuron
50
Myelin
Fatty insulation around many axons
51
Axon
Transmits an action potential
52
Nodes of Ranvier
The gaps between section of myelin
53
Buttons
Release chemicals into synapses
54
Presynaptic Density
Vesicular release machinery
55
Postsynaptic Density
Receptor signalling machinery
56
Unipolar Neuron
Found in PNS
57
Bipolar Neuron
Found in retinas
58
Multipolar Neuron
Found in CNS
59
Multipolar interneuron
No axon, does not transmit signal far
60
Nerve Fiber
Nerve process (axon or dendrite)
61
Nerve
Bundle of nerve fibres in the PNS
62
Tract
Bundle of nerve fibres in the CNS
63
Ganglion
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in PNS
64
Nucleus
Cluster of neuronal cell bodies in CNS
65
Glia vs Neurons
Glia do not form synapses They are less excitable than neurons Their processes are not differentiated They can divide
66
Types of Glia
Astrocytes Microglia Oligodendrocytes Schwann Cells
67
Astrocytes
``` Star-shaped, largest glial cell Clean up neurotransmitters Hold neurons in place and rearrange synapses Regulate ions in extracellular space Wrap around capillaries -form BBB Important in cognition ```
68
Microglia
``` Really small Macrophage Multiply in response to injury or disease Active immune response Fast acting Synaptic plasticity Sensitive to changes in potassium ions ```
69
Oligodendrocytes
Only CNS | Forms myelin sheath
70
Schwann Cells
Only PNS each cell creates only one myelinated axon segment guide axon regeneration in PNS
71
Anterior
Nose or front
72
Posterior
Tail or back
73
Dorsal
Top of the head
74
Ventral
Bottom of the head
75
Medial
Midline
76
Lateral
Away from the middle
77
Axial Plane
Look at the brain starting at the chin to the top of the head Ventral to dorsal
78
Sagittal Plane
Look at the brain from the side starting from one ear to the other Lateral to medial
79
Coronal Plane
Look at the brain starting at the back of the head moving towards the face Posterior to anterior
80
What is the spinal cord?
Link brain to body and body to brain
81
How many regions does the spinal cord have?
``` 4 Cervical Thoracic Lumbar Sacral ```
82
Where is the major site of injury in the CNS?
The spinal cord | Location of the injury will determine which functions are lost
83
What is the dorsal root of the spinal cord?
Sensory information from afferents come through the dorsal root Axon terminals in the root Unipolar neurons
84
What is the ventral root of the spinal cord?
Motor information from efferents leaves through the ventral root Dendrites in the root Multipolar neurons
85
Where is white matter located in the spinal cord?
In the periphery | Myelinated axons
86
Where is grey matter located in the spinal cord?
In the middle - cell bodies - unmyelinated - butterfly or H-shaped
87
Where is CSF located in the spinal cord?
The central canal
88
How does the amount of white and grey matter vary by region?
The lower regions are greyer and the higher regions are more white
89
What are the 5 divisions of the brain?
``` Telencephalon Diencephalon Mesencephalon Metencephalon Myelencephalon ```
90
What are the 3 swellings of the brain?
``` Fore -tele and di Mid Hind -met and myel ```
91
What is the myelencephalon composed of?
``` Most posterior - in the hindbrain The medulla -ascending and descending tracts at the core -cranial nerve nuclei Origin of the reticular formation ```
92
What is reticular formation?
Core network of 100 nuclei Also composes core of the hindbrain and midbrain Arousal system
93
What is the metencephalon composed of?
Ascending and descending tracts Cerebellum Pons
94
What is the cerebellum function?
Sensorimotor coordination Maintain fine motor skills Plays a role in cognition/language/attention
95
What is the pons?
Contains the reticular formation and cranial nerve nuclei Swelling on the ventral surface of the brainstem -4th ventricle Transfer information between the brainstem and the cerebellum
96
What is the mesencephalon composed of?
``` Midbrain -contains reticular formation Tectum -superior colliculi (visuomotor) -inferior colliculi (auditory) Tegementum ```
97
What is tegementum?
Contains cranial nerve and red nucleus Substantia nigra Periaqueductal gray
98
What is the function of the red nucleus?
Sensorimotor -motor coordination; gait Gets its red colour from hemoglobin and ferritin
99
What is the function of the substantia nigra?
Sensorimotor Movement Melanin
100
What is the function of the periaqueductal gray?
Analgesia Defensive behaviour Gate control theory of pain -release endorphins and dense endorphin receptors that cause analgesia
101
What is the diencephalon composed of?
Thalamus Hypothalamus Mammillary Bodies Optic chiasm
102
What is the structure of the thalamus?
2 lobes | -mass intermedia - runs through the third ventricle to connect
103
What is the function of the thalamus?
Sensory relay nuclei | Feedback bidirectional to and from the cortex
104
What is the function of the hypothalamus?
Located under the thalamus The pituitary gland is suspended by the hypothalamus -release hormones to modulate behaviour like stress, reproduction, and feeding
105
What is optic chiasm?
The portion of the brain after the optic nerve and before the optic tract
106
What is the telencephalon?
``` The largest division in the human brain Limbic system Basal ganglia Neocortex Corpus callosum ```
107
What is the corpus callosum?
The cerebral hemispheres are separated by a longitudinal fissure called the corpus callosum The largest connecting 2 hemispheres
108
What are gyri and sulci?
Cortex convolutions that act as landmarks
109
What are the 4 lobes of the neocortex?
Frontal Parietal Occipital Temporal
110
Longitudinal Fissure
Between hemispheres
111
Precentral Gyri
Primary motor cortex
112
Postcentral Gyri
Primary somatosensory cortex
113
Prefrontal Cortex
Nonmotor portion of frontal lobe
114
What are the layers of the neocortex?
There are 6 layers with the first being at the surface Differ in: Size of the cell body Density of neurons The proportion of cell types Thickness They all have a vertical flow of information
115
What is the function of the limbic system?
Regulation of motivated behaviours - feedings - fleeing - fighting - sex
116
What are the structures of the limbic system?
``` Hippocampus Cingulate cortex Amygdala Fornix Septum Mammillary bodies ```
117
What is the function of the hippocampus?
Spatial learning and memory
118
What is the function of the amygdala?
Emotional memory | Fear and anger
119
What is the fornix?
A tract that connects the hippocampus to the septum
120
What is the septum?
The anterior tip of the cingulate cortex
121
What is the function of the basal ganglia?
Voluntary motor system | Procedural learning
122
What are the deep subcortical structures of the basal ganglia?
Amygdala Nucleus accumbens Striatum (caudate nucleus and the putamen) Globus pallidus
123
What is the function of the nucleus accumbens?
Reinforcement learning | -drug addiction

Psyco 275 (9 decks)

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