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Psyco 275 > Biopsychology Methods > Flashcards

Biopsychology Methods Flashcards

(53 cards)

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1
Q

What is spatial resolution?

A

How fine in space we can measure

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2
Q

What is temporal resolution?

A

When in time did the change occur

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3
Q

What is a neural stain?

A

Stain some tissue components but not others

Selective process

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4
Q

How do we prepare brain tissue?

A 
Perfusion
-remove blood
Hardening
Slicing 
Mounting
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5
Q

What is a Golgi stain?

A

Silver chromate strains neurons black but not all neurons pick up the strain
We can’t see intracellular details but we did get the first view of the synapse

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6
Q

What is a nissil stain?

A

Stain penetrates all cells
Stains ribosomes
First view of structures within the neuron
Uses cresyl violet to stain

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7
Q

Why do we trace neural pathways?

A

To identify pathways that connect structures

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8
Q

What is anterograde tracing?

A

Where do axons go?

Use autoradiography

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9
Q

What is autoradiography?

A

Amino acids with radioactive hydrogen isotopes are taken into cell bodies and incorporated into proteins

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10
Q

What is retrograde tracing?

A

Where do axons come from?

HRP is taken up by axon terminals and stains cell bodies black

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11
Q

What is in situ hybridization?

A

Peptides and proteins located by mRNA
Complementary sequence binds to mRNA creating hybrid RNA
Hybrid RNA is labelled to locate mRNA

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12
Q

How are small-molecule neurotransmitted located?

A

Probing for enzymes that synthesize

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13
Q

What is immunocytochemistry?

A

Antibodies specific to the protein of interest
Antibodies attach to proteins of interest and are labelled with radioactivity, substrate colour change, or dye
Analyze under a microscope

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14
Q

What is X-ray computed tomography (CT)

A

Computer-assisted X-ray
3D view of the brain
Composed of 8-9 horizontal cross-sections
Low-resolution image
Used to visualize structural abnormalities

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15
Q

How does PET imaging work?

A

Inject carotid artery with a positron-emitting radionuclide
Positrons interact with electrons to produce photons (gamma rays)
Scanner detected photons and maps how many gamma rays are coming from a particular region

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16
Q

What is Positron emission tomography (PET)?

A

Indirectly measures activity and distribution of other neurochemicals and proteins
Indicates areas of activity during a task
No structural information

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17
Q

What is magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)?

A

High spatial resolution
Horizontal, coronal, and sagittal planes
Expensive

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18
Q

How do MRIs work?

A

A strong magnetic field passed through the brain

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19
Q

What is functional MRI (fMRI)?

A 
Uses MRI methods 
-functional 
-structural 
-non-invasive
-3D images of activity over brain 
High spatial resolution 
Poor temporal resolution
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20
Q

What is the bold response?

A

Pictures do not reflect changes in activity but rather changes in BOLD signal

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21
Q

How does fMRI work?

A

Changes in Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) signal

Correlates with neural activity and is not a direct measure of neural activity

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22
Q

What is diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)?

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A

Identify white matter tracts in the brain
Use MRI
Water molecules move in the same direction in white matter, outside of white matter they move randomly

23
Q

What is transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)?

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A

Disrupts neural activity by placing magnetic field over the skull
Noninvasive

24
Q

What is electroencephalography (EEG)?

Study These Flashcards
A

Measures the voltage output of the averaged activity of a large number of cortical neurons
Detects the post-synaptic potentials
The signal is the difference in electrical potential between two large scalp electrodes as a function of time

25
What is a caveat of EEG?
Limited spatial resolution | Signal decays from the source over space and time
26
What can EEG measure?
Reflects the sum total of all electrical events - EPSP - IPSP - eye movements - scalp muscle movements - skin - blood flow
27
How do waveforms differ between states of consciousness?
Aroused state = low amplitude and fast EEG activity Relaxed and awake state = high amplitude and slow EEG activity Deep sleep state = high amplitude and slow EEG activity
28
What is signal averaging?
Disruptions in signal due to mind wandering or distractions | Repeat same stimuli several times and average signal
29
What is magnetoencephalography (MEG)?
Noninvasive Measures magnetic fields generated from the scalp from neural activity Measures ongoing activity of neurons parallel to brain surface Good temporal and spatial resolution
30
What is stereotaxic surgery?
``` Invasive Directly manipulate brain Requires atlas and stereotaxic instrument Direction to brain regions in 3D Bregma reference point ```
31
What is a lesion method?
Remove or destroy specific brain areas or tracts to test for behaviour and cognition deficits
32
What is aspiration?
Remove cortical tissue and leave white matter underlying intact
33
What is an electrolytic lesion?
High radiofrequency current | Tissue is destroyed by heat
34
What is lesion by knife cuts?
Sever tracts | Specifically, destroy tracts and not overlying tissue
35
What are some reversible lesions?
Lidocaine anesthesia | Cryogenic blockade
36
Which are more mild, bilateral or unilateral lesions?
Unilateral
37
What are some caveats to interpreting brain lesions?
Can be misleading Impossible to completely destroy only one region or interest Affect other neural tissues that may be important
38
What is 6-hydroxydopamine?
A neurotoxin that selectively kills DA and NE neurons in the vicinity
39
What is kainic/ibotenic acid?
Destroys neuronal cell bodies at the injection site | Leaves axons passing through site intact
40
What are the applications of electrical stimulation?
Identify pathways | Immediate effects on patients
41
What are gene replacement techniques?
Involves replacement of one gene for another | Transgenic animals
42
What is optogenetics?
Study neural circuits without lesions | Opsins are activated by different wavelengths of light and implanted into the brain
43
What are 4 invasive electrophysiological recordings?
Intracellular unit recording Extracellular unit recording Multiple unit recording Intracranial EEG recording
44
What is intracellular unit recording?
Measure changes in membrane potential over time | Microelectrode inside of a single neuron
45
What is extracellular unit recording?
Microelectrode places near outside of a neuron and freely moves The signal is a series of spikes No information on membrane potential
46
What is multiple unit recording?
Indicates the rate of firing in the vicinity of an electrode tip Electrode tips are larger than a microelectrode Picks up APs from many nearby neurons Signal integrates
47
What is intracranial EEG recording?
Implanted electrodes used to record EEG in lab animals | High spatial and temporal resolution
48
What is in vivo cerebral microdialysis?
Measure extracellular small molecules in behaving animals Tube with semipermeable membrane into the brain that has artificial CSF perfused through the tube Small molecules then diffuse into the tube and are collected for measurement
49
How do we study anxiety in rodents?
Elevated plus maze Open-field testing We are measuring the degree of activity, thigmotaxis, defecation
50
What is the forced swim task?
5 minutes in water that cannot be escaped so rodents learn helplessness Measure immobility and climbing
51
What is the social intervention test for rodents?
``` Novel strangers vs friends Number of interactions Time spent near vs far Number of transitions between chambers Tests social behaviours ```
52
What is the land maze?
Radial arm maze -for spatial navigation -mimics foraging behaviour Rat learns to go to the arms baited with food
53
What is the water maze?
A swim task Study a rat's spatial ability Rats swim to find an invisible escape platform Study search strategies when we remove the platform

Psyco 275 (9 decks)

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