Anatomy of the Respiratory System

Question 0

What important structures are located in the lamina propria?

Answer 0

Arterial holes, capillaries and smooth muscle

Question 1

What cervical vertebrae can be used in the chest X-ray to locate the carina?

Answer 1

T5

Question 2

What type of epithelium lines the trachea?

Answer 2

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

Question 3

What does the phrase dichotomous branching mean in relation to divisions of the airway and generations of the airways?

Answer 3

Each time an airway is reached, it divides and provides two airways. Then those divide and provide two airways. The process continues

Question 8

Generation 1

Answer 8

Mainstem bronchi

Question 10

What is the angle of the right mainstem bronchus?

Answer 10

20-30 degrees from midline

Question 11

What is the angle of the left mainstem bronchus

Answer 11

40-55 degrees from midline

Question 12

Generation 2

Answer 12

Lobar bronchi

Question 13

How does the angles of the right/left mainstem bronchus anatomically relate to problems during intubation?

Answer 13

We get more right than left because it is bigger in diameter and the angle is easier

Question 15

How many lobar bronchi are there on the right?

Answer 15

3 (an upper, middle and lower)

Question 16

Generation 3

Answer 16

Segmental bronchi

Question 17

How many lobar bronchi are there on the left side?

Answer 17

2 (upper and lower)

Question 18

For chest PT, how is the anatomy different in the left lobar bronchi from the right lobar bronchi?

Answer 18

There is no left middle lobe

Question 19

Generations 4-9

Answer 19

Sub segmental bronchi

Question 21

How many segmental bronchi are there within both lungs right and left? What is happening to their diameter? What is happening to the surface area of the airways cumulatively?

Answer 21

18; 4.5 - 13mm; they are naturally becoming smaller

Question 22

How has the cartilage changed at the level of the segmental bronchi?

Answer 22

They are pieces of cartilage and less regular in shape and volume

Question 24

What is happening to airway diameter in the sub segmental bronchi?

Answer 24

Getting smaller; 1- 6cm

Question 25

What is happening to the surface area of the airways cumulatively when you reach the sub segmental bronchi?

Answer 25

It is disappearing

Question 26

How has the cartilage in the sub segmental bronchi changed from the previous generation?

Answer 26

Volume and support has deteriorated

Question 27

What is happening to the number of mucous cells and globes cells in the sub segmental bronchi?

Answer 27

They are diminishing as well

Question 28

Do cilia exist in the sub segmental bronchi generation?

Answer 28

Yes, pseudostratified ciliates columnar epithelium

Question 29

Generations 10-15

Answer 29

Bronchioles

Question 30

Generation 16

Answer 30

Terminal bronchioles

Question 32

What is the airway diameter of the bronchioles?

Answer 32

1mm

Question 33

What are the boundaries of the conducting zone, where does it begin and where does it end?

Answer 33

Generations 0-16

Question 34

At what generation of airways does the transitional, respiratory zone begin?

Answer 34

17

Question 35

What are Clara cells and what do they produce? They produce two substances, what are they?

Answer 35

Plump columnar cells that bulge into the lumen of the terminal bronchioles. They are probably responsible for production of mucus and surfactant found in the terminal bronchioles

Question 36

What structures are necessary in the bronchioles to keep the airways open also referred to as airway patency?

Answer 36

Fibrous, elastic and smooth muscle

Question 37

What is the cross sectional area of the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 37

1000 cm squared

Question 38

How does the increase in cross sectional area in the respiratory bronchioles affect lung sounds?

Answer 38

The breath sounds become quieter and diminished

Question 39

What normal lung sounds are heard at the respiratory bronchioles?

Answer 39

Vesicular sounds

Question 40

How has the epithelial tissue of the airways changed when you reach the bronchioles?

Answer 40

It is now pseudostratified ciliated cuboidal

Question 41

What keeps the airways clean in the bronchioles since there is no mucociliary blanket to trap and remove debris?

Answer 41

Circulating macrophage

Question 42

Generation 17-19

Answer 42

Respiratory bronchioles

Question 44

What is the cross sectional area of the terminal bronchioles compared to the trachea?

Answer 44

116 cm squared compared to the trachea at 2 - 2.5 cm

Question 45

What is the epithelial lining of the terminal bronchioles made of? How is it different from generations before?

Answer 45

Transitioned from cuboidal epithelium of generation 15 to squamous epithelium of generation 17

Question 46

Generations 20-22

Answer 46

Alveolar ducts

Question 47

Generations 23

Answer 47

Alveolar sacks