Anatomy Of The Scalp

Question 1

What is the extent of the scalp

Answer 1

● Extend from Superciliary arches anterior, to external occipital protuberance and superior nauchal lines posterior.

Question 2

Layers of the scalp include

Answer 2

Layers of SCALP
● Skin
● Connective Tissue (Deep)
● Apo neurosis
● Connective Tissue (Loose)
● Periosteum

Question 3

Origin, insertion, nerve supply and function of the occipitofrontalis muscle

Answer 3

● Occipitofrontalis ◆ Origin
• Occipital Process
– Superior Nauchal Line
• Frontal Process
– Superciliary Arches
◆ Insertion
• Both are Inserted in Epicranial Eponeurosis
◆ Nerve Supply • Facial Nerve,posterior auricular and frontalis
◆ Function
• Move Scalp
• Raise Eyebrows

Question 4

Innervations of SCALP
● SCALP is inerveted in two portions.

Answer 4

Innervations of SCALP
● SCALP is inerveted in two portions.
◆ Part of Scalp Anterior to Ear & Vertex of
Skull.
◆ Part of Scalp Posterior to Ear & Vertex of Skull

Question 5

Innervations of Part of SCALP anterior to Ear & Vertex of Skull

Answer 5

Innervations of Part of SCALP anterior to Ear & Vertex of Skull
● Innervated by Branches of Trigeminal Nerve of Cranial Nerves.
● Branches
◆ Supratrochlear Nerve
◆ Supraorbital Nerve
◆ Zygomaticotemporal Nerve
◆ Auricotemporal Nerve
◆ Motor nerve: temporal branch of facial nerve

Question 6

Innervation of Part of Skull Posterior to Ear & Vertex of Skull

Answer 6

Innervation of Part of Skull Posterior to Ear & Vertex of Skull
● Innervated by Branches from C2 & C3 of Cervical Nerves.
● Branches
◆ Great Aurical Nerve
◆ Lesser Occipital Nerve
◆ Greater Occipital Nerve
◆ 3rd Occipital Nerve
◆motor nerve: posterior auricle branch of facial nerve

Question 7

Arteries of SCALP
● Supplied by Branches of ——— & ——— Artery (Branch of ——— artery)

Answer 7

Arteries of SCALP
● Supplied by Branches of External Carotid & Ophthalmic Artery (Branch of Internal Carotid Artery)

Question 8

SCALP Blood Supply via Branches External Carotid Artery
● Branches: include
● These Branches Supply —— & —— Part of SCALP

Answer 8

SCALP Blood Supply via Branches External Carotid Artery
● Branches
◆ Superficial Temporal
◆ Posterior Auricle
◆ Occipital Artery
● These Branches Supply Posterior & Lateral Part of SCALP

Question 9

SCALP Blood Supply via Branches of Ophthalmic Artery
● Branches include:
● These Branches supply —— and —— part of SCALP

Answer 9

SCALP Blood Supply via Branches of Ophthalmic Artery
● Branches
◆ Supratrochlear ◆ Supraorbital
● These Branches supply Anterior and Superior part of SCALP

Question 10

Veins of SCALP and the veins they later form
● Same route as the —— of SCALP.

Answer 10

artery

Veins of SCALP
● Same route as Arteries of SCALP.
● Supratrochlear & Supraorbital join
and forms Facial Vein
● Superficial Temporal forms
Retromandibular vein
● Posterior Auricle form External Juglar Vein
● Occipital form Internal Juglar Vein

Question 11

Lymph Drainage of SCALP
● It also follows same pattern of the —— of SCALP.
● Lymph Nodes for Drainage of SCALP

Answer 11

Lymph Drainage of SCALP
● It also follows same pattern of Arteries of SCALP.
● Lymph Nodes for Drainage of SCALP
◆ Occipital Node
◆ Cervical Node
◆ Mastoid Node
◆ Parotid Node
◆ Pre-auricle Node
◆ Sub-Mandibular Node

PP SCOM

Question 12

SCALP Lymph Nodes with Area of Drainage

Answer 12

SCALP Lymph Nodes with Area of Drainage
● Occipital & Cervical Node
◆ Both Drain form Occipital Region of SCALP
● Mastoid Node
◆ Drains from Posterior to Vertex of Skull
● Parotid & Pre-Auricle Node
◆ Drain form Anterior to Vertex of Skull
● Sub-Mandibular Node ◆ Drain from Fore Head.

Question 13

———— veins, these are valveless veins which connect the extracranial veins of the scalp to the intracranial dural venous sinuses. These veins are a potential pathway for the spread of infection from the scalp to the intracranial space.

Answer 13

Emissary veins

Question 14

Loose areolar connective tissues occupies ———— space

Answer 14

Subaponeurotic space

Question 15

———— space is regarded as the danger area of the scalp

Answer 15

Sub aponeurotic space

Question 16

Occipital belly and frontal belly of the occipitofrontalis muscle is separated by

Answer 16

Galea aponeurotica

Question 17

The two frontalis bellies attach to the mid line and blend with the ——-

Answer 17

Procerus muscle

Question 18

Aponeurotic layer
*Has. the ——-.aponeurosis
*This aponuerosis is bounded:
-Posteriorly by————
•Anteriorly by the ———
•The aponeurosis.is. attached.
- posteriorly to the ——— and the ———
-Laterally, by the ———: some fibers crossover the temporal fascia to insert on the ———-
*Anteriorly, it has no —— attachment but inserts’into the ———

Answer 18

*Has. the epicranial.aponeurosis or. Galea aponeurotica
*This aponuerosis is bounded:
-Posteriorly by both bellies of occipitalis
•Anteriorly by the frontalis
•The aboneurosis.is. attached.
- posteriorly to the external occipital protuberance and the superior nuchal lines
-Laterally, by the superior temporal lines: some fibers crossover the temporal fascia to insert on the zygomatic arch
*Anteriorly, it has no bony attachment but inserts’into the frontalis

Question 19

Loose areolar tissue
•This layer allows for the free movement of the ———— layers of the scalp.
•Posteriorly, it bounds to the ——— lines
•Laterally, the ——— lines
*Anteriorly, to the ———

Answer 19

•This layer allows for the free movement of the superior.
3 layers of the scalp.
*It is a loose layer with lots of space.
•Posteriorly, it bounds to the highest and superior nuchal lines
•Laterally, the superior temporal lines
*Anteriorly, to the eyelids because the frontalis riuscle has no bony attachment.

Question 20

Loose areolar connective tissue is rich in ———— veins

Answer 20

Emissary veins

Question 21

Emissary veins pass through the ———— to the ———sinus

Answer 21

Parietal foramen
Superior Sagittarius sinus

Question 22

The mastoid emissary veins pass through the ——— to the ———sinus

Answer 22

Mastoid foramen
Sigmoid sinus

Question 23

Pericranium does not attach to the —— but attaches to the ——— of the cranium

Answer 23

Cranium
Sutures

Question 24

Lymphatics anterior to the ear drain to the ———— lymph nodes and ——— nodes
•The lymphatics posterior to the ear drain to the ———, ——— and ——— lymph nodes

Answer 24

Lymphatics anterior to the ear drain to the preauricular lymph nodes and parotid gland nodes
•The lymphatics posterior to the ear drain to the posterior auricular, mastoid and occipital lymph nodes

Question 25

Arterial supply Anterior to the auricle -———and ——— arteries which are branches of the ——— artery which is a branch of the ——— artery -The ——— artery which is a branch of the ——— artery Posterior to the auricle -The ——— and ——— arteries branches of ——— artery -Both arteries of internal carotid and external carotid anastomose over the ——

Answer 25

Anterior to the auricle -Supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries which are branches of the ophthalmic artery which is a branch of the internal carotid -The superficial temporary artery which is a branch of the external carotid Posterior to the auricle -The posterior auricular and occipital arteries branches of external carotid -Both arteries of internal carotid and external carotid anastomose over the temple

Question 26

Venous drainage *Supraorbital and supratrochlear vein which drain into the —— vein that will drain into the ——— vein "The superficial temporal veins drain into —— veins, then into the ——- vein, to the ——— vein. of which the anterior division unites with the —— vein to form —— vein and drains'into the —— vein and The posterior division of the unites with the ——— vein to form the —— vein then drain into the ——— vein *The occipital veins terminate in the ———

Answer 26

*Supraorbital and supratrochlear vein which drain into the facial vein that will drain into the internal Jugular vein "The superficial temporal veins drain into facial veins the to maxillary vein, then to retromandibular vein. of which the anterior division unites with the facial vein to form common facial vein and drains'into the internal jugular *The posterior division of the rétromandibular vein unites with the posterior auricular vein to form the external Jugular vein and drain into subclavian vein *The occipital veins terminate in the suboccipital venous plexus

Question 27

Venous drainage •The frontal diploic vein emerges at the ——— notch into the ——— vein •Anterior temporal diploic vein ends in the ——— vein or ——— sinus •Posterior temporal diploic vein ends in ——— sinUs •The occipital diploic veins opens into the —— vein or ——- sinus.

Answer 27

•The frontal diploic vein emerges at the supraorbital notch into the supraorbital vein •Anterior temporal diploic vein ends in the anterior deep temporal vein or sphenoparietal sinus •Posterior temporal diploic vein ends in transverse sinUs •The occipital diploic veins opens into the occipital vein or transverse sinus.

Question 28

Cilnical Correlates Because the pericranium is adherent to the sutures, collections of fluid deep to the pericranium (called———) take the shape of ——-. Collection of blood in the layer of loose areolar tissue causes generalized swelling of the scalp. The blood may extend anteriorly into the root of the nose and into the eyelids, causing ——(because anteriorly it has no —— attachments)

Answer 28

Cilnical Correlates Because the pericranium is adherent to the sutures, collections of fluid deep to the pericranium (cephalohaematoma take the shape of the bone concerned. Collection of blood in the laver of Icose areolar tissue causes generalized swelling of the scalp. The blood may extend anteriorly into the root of the nose and into the eyelids, causing black eye (because anteriorly it has no bony attachments)

Question 29

Cilnical Correiates The loose areolar layer is known as the dangerous area of the scalp because of ———-. Wounds in the scalp bleed profusely because ————-. Bleeding can be arrested by ———. Wounds in the scalp do not gape unless the epicranial aponeurosis is divided what way

Answer 29

Cilnical Correiates The loose areolar layer is known as the dangerous area of the scalp because of the emissary veins which. may transfer infection to the cranial venous sinuses. Wounds in the scalp bleed profusely because the vessels are prevented from retracting by the dense connective tissue layer. Bleeding can be arrested by pressure against the bone. Wounds in the scalp do not gape unless the epicranial aponeurosis is divided transversely

Question 30

Tinea capitis is commonly called

Answer 30

Ringworm

Question 31

———, otherwise known as head lice, is the infestation of the scalp and hair by pediculosis humanus capitis

Answer 31

Pediculosis capitis