Anatomy of the Urinary System Flashcards

(24 cards)

1
Q

Give the bony landmarks of the upper and lower poles of the kidneys

A

Left Kidney: T11-T12 → L2-L3

Right Kidney: T12 → L3-L4

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2
Q

At what vertebral level would you find the hilum of the kindeys?

A

L1

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3
Q

Where are the kidneys postioned in relation to the peritoneum?

A

They are retroperitoneal

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4
Q

What is the normal width and legnth of the kidney?

A

6-7 cm wide

9-14 cm long

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5
Q

With regards to legnth and width, under what circumstances might you want to investigate the kidney?

A
  • >2 cm difference between Left and Right
  • Renal legnth <8cm
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6
Q

What is the renal angle?

A

The angle between the 12th rib and Erector Spinae muscle where the kidney can be palpated

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7
Q

Describe the layers of fat and fascia that surround the kidney

A
  • Kidney surrounded by capsule
  • Surrounded by Perirenal fat
  • Surrounded by renal fascia (Garota’s fascia)
  • Surrounded by Pararenal fat
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8
Q

What is the function of the renal fat and fascia layers?

A

Keep the kidneys in anatomical postion as there are no ligaments keep them in place

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9
Q

What is the typical legnth and diameter of a ureter?

A
  • 25-30cm long
  • 1.5mm diameter
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10
Q

How can the ureter be divided into 3 segments?

A
  • Abdominal (proximal)
  • Pelvic (middle)
  • Intramural (distal)
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11
Q

What is the most common area for the ureter to be injured?

A

at the pelvic brim or between L4 and L5

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12
Q

What is the Vesicular Uretal Junction

A

The Junction where the ureter enters the bladder and coalesces with the detrusor muscles

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13
Q

How is urine reflux prevented in the bladder?

A
  • Ureter passes diagonally though bladder wall
  • destrusor muscle forms a flap to stop reflux
  • this has nothing to do with sphnicters
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14
Q

What kind of epithelium is the lumen of ureter, bladder and pelvis of the kidney lined with?

A

Urothelium

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15
Q

What is the trigone of the bladder?

A
  • Triangular area of smooth muscle in the bladder
  • Formed between the 2 ureteric openings and the internal urethral orifice
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16
Q

What is the difference in legnth between male and female urethras?

A
  • Female: ~4 cm
  • Male: ~ 15 cm
17
Q

Label the strucutures of the male urethra

18
Q

Label 1-5 on the female urethra

19
Q

Identify 1-7 on this cross section of the kidney

A
  1. Renal Pelvis
  2. Medulla
  3. Cortex
  4. Renal Pyramid
  5. Renal lobe
  6. Minor Calyx
  7. Major Calyx
20
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of nephron and what are the main differences betweent them?

A
  1. Cortical (90% of nephrons)- short loop of Henle
  2. Juxtamedullary (10% of nephrons)- longer loops of Henle
21
Q

Describe the landmarks for the renal vessels

A
  • Renal artery arises directly from abdominal aorta
  • Renal vein has to pass over the aorta and under the superior mesenteric artery to reach the IVC
22
Q

Name the different types of artery found in the kidney and their anatomical postion

A
  • Renal artery - enters via hilum
  • Segmental artery (x5)- branch off renal artery
  • Interlobar artery- between the pyramids
  • Arcuate artery- between cortex and medulla
  • Interlobular- within the cortex of lobe
23
Q

From the hilum describe the course of the ureter until it enters the bladder

A
  1. From hilum, enter abdomen through anterior surface of psoas major
  2. Crosses brim of pelvis at sacro-iliac join and enters the pelvic cavity
  3. Crosses the bifurcation of the common iliac
  4. Moves transversely towards bladder at level is ischial spine
24
Q

List 3 common sites where renal stones can lodge due to non-uniformity of ureter lumen diameter

A
  1. Pelvic uteric junction
  2. Vesico-uteric junction
  3. where Ureter passes iliac joint