Anatomy Overview Flashcards by Mckenna Garcia

Anterior AKA ______, toward the _____

Ventral
front (or belly in humas)

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Posterior AKA ______, toward the _____

dorsal
back

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Superior toward the ______ or _____

top or head

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Inferior toward the ______ or ______

bottom or feet

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Lateral toward the _____

side

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Medial toward the ______

middle

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What is the correct order of the anatomy and physiology of the auditory SYSTEM

outer ear
middle ear
inner ear
vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII cranial nerve)
central auditory pathways
centrifugal pathways

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In the periphery, the _______ labyrith contains the _____ and semi-circular ______

osseous
vestibule
semi-circular canals

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the ________ labyrinth contains the _______ and _______ and the semi-circular ______

membranous
utricle
saccule
semi-circular ducts

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The central system includes the _______, _______, _______, _______ vestibular nuclei, and regions in the _______, and ______

medial, lateral, superior, inferior

thalamus
cortex

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_______ or _____ is the cartilaginous framework (except lobe); lacks ______ tissue

Auricle or Pinna
fatty

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The tube leading medially to the middle ear is called the _________ ________ _____

External auditory canal

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The EAC terminates at the _______ _______

Tympanic Membrane

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What is the first structure of the middle ear?

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The auricle projects from the skull at a ______ degree angle

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The auricle is secured to the head by _______, _______, and _______ auricular muscles

Superior, anterior, and posterior

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The auricle is also secured by the cartilage of _____

concha

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What are the 7 Auricular landmarks

HAT CAT L

Helix
Antihelix
Triangular fossa

Concha
Antitragus
Tragus

Lobule or lobe

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Helix _____ ridge; crus of helix extends A to P to antihelix

outer

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Antihelix _____ ridge

inner

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Triangular fossa small _______/______ depression

anterior/superior

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Concha “______-______” opening into EAM
-_____ concha
-_____ concha

Bowl-shaped

cymba
cavum

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Tragus ________ anterior opening of EAM

tubercule

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Antitragus _____ of tragus

opposite

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Lobule or lobe ___ cartilage

The EAM is bent _-_____ tube ___-___ mm long

s-shaped 25-35 mm (1 to 1/4 inches)

EAM tube is about ___-___ mm in diameter

5-7

The lateral _/_ to _/_ of EAM is cartilage and the medial _/_ to _/_ is bone

1/3 to 1/2 1/2 to 2/3

The EAM is covered with ___ and it secretes _____

skin cerumen

The outer ear effects " _____" of sound waves and protection for delicate ____ and ____ ear structures

collection middle and inner

The outer ear effects has enhancement of ____- to ____- frequency region (improvement in sensitivity) along with improved _____ hearing (locating sounds in space)

mid to high directional

______ shape and protrusion of pinnae help "______" sound waves and the _____ funnel and transmit sound into EAM

conical capture cavities

____ and ____ of EAM reduce likelihood of _____ objects entering the ear

Length and shape foreign

_____ and ____ (sebaceous and ceruminous) provide _______ to foreign objects and insects

Hairs and glands barrier

______ layer of TM and EAM moves laterally

epidermal

Tube has ___ open and ___ closed end

Standing waves from at ___-integer multiples of frequency with wavelength of _X length of tube (1/4 resonator) and at off integer multiples

The average adult canal is ___ mm

25 mm (0.025 m)

f=c /4L = 343 343 / (0.025 x 4) = ___ Hz

3430 Hz

So, for adults, sound pressure gain at medial end of pipe (TM) is about ____-___ dB at about _____ Hz

12-15 dB 3400Hz

The amount of gain will depend on the _____ and _____ of the sound source

azimuth and elevation

The infant ear at birth is approximately ___ mm

The adult dimensions are not reaches until about ___ years of age, which means that the ________ of the canal will be ______ in infants an children than in adults

7 resonance greater *This fact (along with the earmold size and resulting smalelr residual ear canal volume) have important consequences for fitting amplification in children

locating sounds in the environment depends greatly on differences in the _____ of arrival and _____ at the two ears

Time of arrival intensity

Localization depends on ______ from the pinna and concha into the ear canal

reflections

_____ and _____ (conchae) on the pinna reflect ____ ____, with the reflected waves interacting with incident waves; if the two waves are _____ ____ ____, negative interference will occur and intensity will decrease

Ridges and cavities sound waves out of phase

The pinna is ___ above the EAM than below

larger

reflections from the _____ ridges (from sounds above the head) will arrive _____ the reflections from the upper ridges. This means that as the sound source ______ in elevation, the dip in amplitude will _____ in frequency

lower before increases increase

When the sound source is at the rear of the listener, the waves are _____ by the pinna; the interaction of the reflected wave and the incident wave reduces the responses around _-_ KHz

scattered 3-6 KHz

The combined effects of the ear canal resonance and the amplitude and phase changes introduced by the outer ear are known as the _____ _____

transfer function

The adult human head is approximately _.__ m in diameter and the two ears are on opposite sides of it

0.18 m

When sound comes from the side of the "___" ear, it will arrive there first and with ______ ____ than at the "far" ear

near greater intensity

Low frequencies (below 1900Hz) are _____ around the head so that the cue to their _______ is the difference in the ____ of arrival between the "near" and "far" ears

diffreacted localization time

Higher frequencies (> 1900 Hz) are _____ - constructive interference- and faced with a sound _____ at the "far" ear, so that there is a difference in _____ level at the two ears

reflected shadow intensity

Head and torso also create _____ effects

baffle

Outer ear provides ______ for delecate _____ and _____ ear structures

protection middle and inner

Outer ear effects provide a total of approximately ___-___ dB sound pressure gain in the _____ and _____ frequencies as a result of ______ _______, _______ efffects, and ______ and _____ effects

EAC resonance Pinna effects Head and body effects

Cranial nerve I. is _____ - sense of ______

Olfactory smell

Cranial nerve II. is ______ - ______

Optic vision

Cranial nerve III. is _______ - ____ nerve for ____ movements

Oculomotor motor eye

Cranial nerve IV. _____ - _____ nerve for the ____

Trochlear motor eye

Cranial nerve V. ______ - ______ for sensation from ____ and movement of ____ muscles (and TT muscle)

sensorimotor face facial

Cranial nerve VI. _____- _____ nerve for ____

abducens motor eye

VII. ____ - ______ for muscles of ____, posterior belly of diagnostic, and stapedius muscle; taste sensation from anterior _/_ of tongue

Facial sensorimotor 2/3

VIII. __________ - ______ nerve for audition and _____

vestibulocochlear sensory balance

IX. ________ - _______ for _____ sensation from posterior _/_ of tongue and motor innervation to ________

Glossopharyngeal sensorimotor 1/3 stylopharyngeus

X. ______ - ______ for other laryngeal and ______ muscles

Vagus sensorimotor pharyngeal

XI. ______ - ______ sternocleidomastoid and ______

Accessory sensorimotor trapezius

XII. ______ - _____ nerve innervation to most muscles of the ______

Hypoglossal motor tongue

Situated within the ________ portion of the ______ bone is the middle ear

petrous temporal

the temporal bone has 4 parts:

petrous squamous mastoid tympanic

Middle ear structures are ______ _____ and _____ ____ ____ (and contents)

TM Middle ear space

The TM is a layered _____-shaped membrane at the ______ end of the EAC

Cone medial

The TM's inferior edge is more medial than superior edge __-__ degree angle with EAM floor

45-55

TM is _______ in shape, approximately _-_ mm in diameter with _ quadrants (A-P and S-I)

Elliptical 8-9 4

TM is secured by _______ a fibrocartilaginous ring embedded into the ________ _____ (groove), except the _____ section of the TM, which is held by the anterior and posterior _______ folds

annulus tympanic sulcus superior malleolar

The two sections of the TM are ________ _______ and ____ ____

Pars tensa pars flaccida

The pars tensa has _ tissue layers

3 * skin, fibrous -radial and circular and mucous layer

pars flaccida has _ tissue layers

2 *skin and mucous layer

The manubrium of the malleus points toward __:__o' clock in the right ear and __:__ o' clock in the left ear

1:00 11:00

TM cone "point" is ______

umbo

Connection of TM to malleus is start of "bridge" which transmits vibrations to _____ ____ (of IE) via 3 middle ear bones (ossicles), which are connected by joints - __________ and ________

oval window incudomalleal incudostapedial

TM is innervated by CN V ______ nerve and CN X ______ nerve (lateral side) and CN IX _________ nerve (medial side)

trigeminal vagus glossopharyngeal

Middle ear space cavity comprising of three air-filled chambers: ________ _____, ______ ____, _____ _____

tympanic cavity Epitympanic recess mastoid antrum

Tympanic cavity also called

tympanum

Epitympanic recess or _____

attic

Mastois antrum is posterior to ________ ______ and connects via _____ ___ ______

epitympanic recess aditus ad antrum

ME bones:

Malleus Incus Stapes

Middle ear space 3 ligaments:

Annular ligament posterior incudal ligament Anterior malleal ligament

The two muscles in the middle ear space are:

Tensor tympani Stapedius

The middle ear space connects to _______ by ________ tube, which ventilates and drains the ME space; differences in pressure on opposite sides of the TM will ______ its mobility

Nasopharynx eustachian reduce

Consider the middle ear space as a 6-sided "box" list the 6 walls

Lateral wall Anterior wall Posterior wall Superior wall Inferior wall Medial wall

The lateral wall is ______ _____

Anterior wall is _____ wall; the interal carotid artery is anterior to it; bony canal for _____ _____ muscle and mouth of ______ tube are located here

carotid tensor tympani eustachian

posterior wall is _______ wall; ____ and _____ for stapedius are here

mastoid aditus and pyramid

superior wall ____ wall ____ plate of bone

tegmental thin

Inferior wall ____ wall ___ vein is just below

jugular jugular vein

medial wall is _____ wall ____ and ____ windows; _______; canal for _____ _____ msucle

labyrinthine oval and round promontory tensor tympani

The malleus has a _____, ____ and _______

head neck manubrium

the incus has a ____ and 2 ____/_____ or crura (_ short and _ long)

body legs/processes 1 and 1

The stapes has a ____, 2 ____ and ______

head crura gootplate

the stapes is the ______ bone in the human body

smallest

the stapes footplate sits in _____ window of IE supported in place by ______ ligament

oval annular

the area of the stapes footplate is about _._ mm^2

3.2

The tensor tympani is attaches to the neck of the _____ and pulls the _______ (and TM) _____ when contacted: innervated by the ______ nerve (CN V)

malleus manubrium medially trigeminal

The stapedius (from the posterior wall) is attached to the head of the ______, pulling the stapes posteriorly when contacted; innervated by _____ nerve (CN VII)

stapes facial nerve

Muscle contraction ______ ossicles and TM and decreases _____ sensitivity

stiffen AC

Middle ear miscle reflex (MEMR) is a contaction of the ______ in response to sounds of about __ dB SPL (and other stimuli)

stapedius 85 dB

Contaction of MEMR is _______ - stimulation of either ear will elicit the reflex in ____ ears

bilateral both

Strength of contraction ______ and latency ____ with increasing amplitude

increases decreases

Matching transformer from one medium (air) to another (cochlear fluids is called?

Impedance

Eustachian tube maintains _____ _____ on each side of the TM --->Contributing factors: -areal ration between ____ and ____ window -_____ action of ____ chain -"______" of TM

pressure balance -TM and oval window -Lever action of ossicular chain -"Buckling"

Areal ration of TM to oval window most important factor in _-______ transform

Z-matching

Articulation of incus and stapes _____ force and ____ velocity, producing an ____ in the impedance ratio of about 1.3 times

increases decreases increase

The ____ and _____ of the TM casues it to buckle as it moves back and forth, moving the malleus less than the TM and creating an ______ in force (and a _____ in velocity) and ______ at the oval window. The pressure increase is approximately _ times

shape and mobility increase decrease pressure 2

Middle ear "benefit"

The result of the 3 middle ear transformer effects is an increase in the sound pressure delivered to the cochlea by a predicted gain of 28dB, which varies with frequency

Sound reaches _____ window "first"

oval

the resonant frequency of ME = ____ Hz

1200

changes in ____, _____ or ____ of middle ear structures affect efficiency of system

Mass, stiffness or friction

The inner ear is contained within the _____ portion of the temporal bone

petrous

The inner ear houses the organs of the _______ (balance) and ______ (hearing) systems

vestibular auditory

the vestibular apparatus contains the ____ ____ and _____

semicircular canals vestibule

the auditory apparatus is just the ______

cochlea

the IE is housed in an osseous (bony) labyrinth which contains _ semicircular canals: ____, _____, _____/_____

3 superior posterior lateral/horizontal

Inside the osseous labyrinth is the _______ labyrinth

membranous

the membranous labyrinth contains what stuctures?

3 membranous semicircular ducts utricle and saccule (in the vestibule) Membranous cochlear labyrinth

Space between the osseous and bony labyrinths is filled with ______

perilymph

Space inside membranous labyrinth is filled with ________

endolymph

The human cochlea has _ _/_ to _ _/_ turns

2 1/2 to 2 3/4

Cochlea is coiled around a bony core called the ______, which contains ______ ______ and _____ fibers

modiolus blood vessels nerve

Projecting from the modiolus and spiraling through the cochlea is the _____ _____ _____ between which the auditory nerve fibers pass through tiny holes called ____ _____

osseous spiral lamina (2 plates of thin bone) habenula perforata

Membranous labyrinth is attached to the ______ _____, the thickened periosteum of the osseous spiral lamina, and also to _____ ____ on the bony outer wall creating 3 channels the ______, _____,_____

spiral limbus spiral ligament Scala vestibuli, media, tympani

the scala vestibuli is filled with ____

perilymph

the scala media AKA _____ ____ is filled with ______

cochlea duct endolymph

the scala tympani is filled with _____

perilymph

Scala vestibuli opens into the _____

vestibule

Scala tympani terminates at the ______ window

round

scala media (cochlear duct), a triangular space, lies between two: _______ _____, ______ _____

reissner's membrane Basilar membrane

Reissner's membrane separates scala ____ from scala ____

media vestibuli

Basilar membrane separates scala _____ from scala ______

media tympani

the basilar membrane has two sections Zona _______ and Zona ________

arcuata pectinata

Perilymph is similar in ionic concentration to ________ fluids (CSF) its low in ______ (K) and high in _____ (Na)

extracellular fluids potassium sodium

Endolymph is similar in ionic concentration to ________ fluids higher in ______ low in ______ and the composition involves ______ vascularis

intracellular potassium sodium stria

Orgain of corti contains ______ and ____ cells

supporting and sensory

Supporting cells in the organ of corti include (6)

Inner sulcus Clausiu inner border phalangeal deiters inner and outer pillar and others

Sensory cells are _____ cells (named for the hair-like projections from their ____ surfaces called _______)

hair apical sterocilia

OHC are _______ from modiolus

farther

IHC are _______ the modiolus

nearer

Supporting cells are found between _____ _____ cells they are _____ and ____ to OHC and at the edge of the tunnel

IHC inferior and lateral

Inner and outer pillars create a ______ shape (tunnel of corti) with the head of the _____ pillars overlapping the _____

triangular inner outers

Apical surfaces of hair cells are separated by _______ processes from supporting cells

phalangeal

Superior surface of the organ of corti is tightly joined, forming the ______ _____

reticular lamina

Fluid contained in the organ of corti is ________

perilymph

There are about _,___ IHC in humans, IHC occur in 1 row along the length of _____ ______

3,500 basilar membrane

IHC are _____-shaped

flask

There are about __,___ OHC in humans and occur in about 3 (mainly)-5 rows along ______ _____

12,500 basilar membrane

OHC are _____ ___-shaped

test tube

Stereocilia project through the _____ _____

reticular lamina

IHC 3-4 rows of sterocilia from a nerly continuous line in a ______ ____ pattern along the _____ ___ _____

shallow crescent organ of corti

Tallest stereocilia contact the ______ membrane

tectorial

Stereocilia is composed of ______ filaments, which are ______-_______ in several configurations and are tip-linked from a shorter row to an adjacent taller row

actin cross-linked

The Tip-links play a crucial role in the hair cell _______ process

transduction

Overlaying the organ of corti (and sterocilia) is the _________ tectorial membrane, which projects from the upper lip of the _____ _____ (tight connection) to the _________ cells by a ________ net (loose connection)

gelatinous spiral limbus Hensen's marginal

Stria vascularis is attached to the inside of the ______ ______

spiral ligament

The stria vascularis maintains the ____________ structure of the ______ and is responsible for the _________ potential

electrochemical endolymph endocochlear

The blood supply to the cochlea proceeds from ________ artery, which enters the ______ bone through the _____ _____ ____

labyrinthine temporal IAM ( CN VII and VIII)

the labyrinthine artery is a branch of the anterior inferior _______ artery, which is a branch of the _____ artery

cerebellar basliar

In the modiolus, the artery supplies _______ canal, ______ vascularis, ______ ligament, ______ limbus, and _______ _____ lamina

rosenthal's canal stria vascularis spiral ligament spiral limbus osseous spiral limina

Venous drainage of the cochlea is through the ______ _____ vein

internal auditory

the width, stiffness, and thickness of the _______ memebrane differ from the basal end to the _____ end

basilar apical

the cochlea is ______ and _____, ______at the base

narrowest stiffest, thickest

the cochlea is _____ and ______ at the apex

widest floppiest

the traveling wave on the basilar membrane, which is always from _____ to ____

base to apex

as the stapes moves inward the basilar membrane moves toward the scala _______

tympani

As the stapes moves outward the basilar membrane moves toward scala ______

vestibuli

The basilar membrane os thus set into an _____ and ____ motion with a wave traveling from _____ to _____

up and down base to apex

The wave will peak at a place on the basilar membrane corresponding to the ________ of stumulation

frequency

Sterocilia of hair cells around that peak will be _______ ( bent sideways) by the __________ membrane, which starts the ______ process

sheared tectorial transduction

The frequency-to-place transformation performed by the _____ membrane is known as ______ organization or ______

basilar tonotopic tonotopy

Tonotopy is maintained throughout the ______ system

auditory

Helmholtz's Resonance Theory is?

Basilar membrane is tuned based on differential tensions along its length

Rutherford's Telephone Theory

Basilar membrane is not differentially sensitive, but sends information to auditory nerve for analysis

The function of the cochlea is to _______ the vibratory movement (from stapes to the basilar membrane) into an __________ energy that can be transmitted through the ______ system

transduce electrochemical nervous

There are two processes involved in cochlear mechanics ______ and _______

passive and active

For passive process the basilar membrane is ______ and _____ at the base and get progressively ______ and _______ toward the apex

narrow and stiff wider and floppier

Passive process input at the oval window is "______" by out and in movement of the round window

matched

Bekesy's work (physical models and cadavers) revealed that the resulting traveling wave is a function of the ______ and _____ characteristics of the BM NOT the ______ of the stapes

mass and stiffness location

The velocity of the eave ________ as it travels base to apex

decreases

Active process evidence supporting the _________ nature of the BM was found in several sources: _______ products, ________ emissions, more sophisticated ________ techniques

nonlinear distortion otoacoustic measuring

OHC "_____" the BM resonse by about ___ dB at very low levels, with the gain ______ as the stimulus level ______ (OHC sharpen the BM tuning)

amplify 50 dB decreasing increases

Both OHC and IHC receive innervation from ascending (________) and descending (________) fibers; the ascending fibers are far more numerous

afferent efferent

hair cells become activated when their sterocilia are ______ radially (across the cochlear partition)

shreared

Depolarization of the hair cell as the SM moves ____

up - shearing toward the outer wall

Hyperpolarization of the hair cell as SM moves ____

down - shearing toward the modiolus

What are the 4 electric potentials in the cochlea - two are resting potentials and two are receptor potentials

Intracellular potential endocochlear or endolymphatic potenital cochlear microphonic summating potential

Intracellular resting potentials average is -___ mV for IHC and -___ mV for OHC

-40 -70

endocochlear or endolymphatic potential (EP) average is +___ to +____ mV

80 - 100 mV

EP is only present in _______ duct - produced by ______ vascularis

cochlear stria

EP establishes total gradient of _____-____ mV across cell

120-170

Cochlear microphonic is generated primarily at the ________-______ ends of the OHC (IHC make a small contribution) as the BM moves _____ and _____ in response to sound

sterocilia-bearing up and down

CM mimics the _______ and _____ of the stimulus waveform (at low to moderate levels)

frequency and intensity

CM can be recorded in humans using ____-______ techniques

non-invasive

Both IHC and OHC have an electric response to stimulation, but the role of the OHCs is __________; they change ______ during the ________ process

electromobile shape tranduction

The role of the IHCs is to ______ information

code

The activity of the OHCs underlies ________ emissions, which provide an objective test of hair cell function and are used to ______ _____

otoacoustic screen hearing

Who first identified OAES and what year

David Kemp 1978

OAEs originally referred to as "________ _______"

cochlear echoes

OAEs are sounds produced by _______ cochleae, which may occur __________ or may be ______ by a sound

healthy spontaneously evoked

What are the two broad types of evoked responses recorded with a probe microphone?

Transient OAE (TEOAE) - elicited by a check stimulus Distortion product OAEs (DPOAEs) - elicited by two pure tones presented simultaneously to the ear

stereocilia are connected to one another by _____ links (side links) and ____ links

cross tip

As the BM MOVES ____, the tip links are stretched, shrearing the cilia toward the _____ wall; this opens the ion channels in the cilia casusing an influx of ______ and ______ ions into the cell ________ the cell and allowing the release of the ____________

UP outer potassium calcium depolarizing neurotransmitter

As the BM MOVES ______, the tip links are _______, shearing the cilia in the opposite direction, __________ the cell - potassium pumps and ______ channels repolarize the cells

DOWN compressed hyperpolarizing calcium

CN VIII is known as _____ nerve or _________ nerve

auditory or vestibulocochlear

CN VIII have two branches 1 from ______ system and 1 from ______

vestibular and cochlea

______ fibers innervate hair cells

afferent

______ fibers termination of _______ bundle

efferent olivocochlear

CN VIII forms a connection between _____ and ____ ____ ____ ____

cochlea CANS

Nerves in the periphery are made up of ______ fibers or _______

nerve neurons

In the central nerbous system a collection of nerve fibers is called a ______

tract

A collection of cell bodies in the periphery is called a _______

ganglion

A colllection of cell bodies in the CNS is called a _______

nucleus

The nerve fibers of nerve VIII innervate the ______; the cell bodies of these neurons make up ______ ______, contained in _______ canal in the modiolus

cochlea spiral ganglia rosenthal's

Basic structures of the nervous system consist of ______, _____, ______

dendrites, soma, axon

dendrites receive _______

information

soma is the _____ _____

cell body

axon is to ______ information

transmit

the axon has projections called ______ with endings called ________ ______

telodendria terminal boutons

Neurons are classified as ______, _____, ______

Sensory, motor, interneurons

Sensory neurons carry information from ________ receptors

sensory

motor neurons carry information to ______ and _____

muscles and organs

interneurons communicate between neurons in the ____ _____ ____

CNS

Neurons can be further classified according to shape: __________, _________, _______, ________

monopolar pseudomonopolar bipolar multipolar

neurons can also be classified by other characteristics such as _________ _______, ______, ________ ______

dendrite configuration location discharge pattern

neurons communicate via release of ________ impulses or _______ impulses across synapse to ________ cells

chemical electrical subsequent

Axons are covered by ________ cells which produce ______

schwann myelin

Myelin is a _____ sheath serving as an ______

thick insulator

"breaks" are called ______ of _______

nodes of ranvier

________ occurs at nodes of ranvier, which speeds the transmission of ______ impulses (______ conduction)

depolarization neural saltatory

At the terminal boutons are small vesicles called _____, which contain _________

sacs neurotransmitters

speed of conduction depends on what 4 things?

Diameter of neurons length of axon myelination number of synapses in path

Depolarization of neuron (discharge of axonal membrane) is known as an _____ _____

action potential

Because it looks like a spike, action potential is also known as the _______ _____

spike potential

Action potential (AP) is propagated down the axon by ________ ______

sequential polarizations

Time for action potential is approximately _ ms

After cell fires, there is a period of ______ refraction, during which a cell ______ fire again

absolute CANNOT

After the absolute refractory period, there is a relative ______ period during which the cell ______ fire again, but only with ______ stimulation, so maximum firing rate ____/s

refractory CAN increased 1000/s

The rate in the auditory system is usually less than ___/s

200/s

Simultaneous discharge of many fibers is called the ______ _____ AP

whole nerve

Approximately _______ auditory neruons in human ear, most of which are ______

30,000 afferent

Type I afferent fibers (___%)

Type I fibers are _____, _______ _____ neurons; these inner radial fibers contact the _____ ____ cells

Large, myelinated bipolar IHC

Type I fibers are _________ at the organ of corti

unmyelinated

Type II fibers (___%)

Type II fibers are _______, ______ _______-_______ neurons

small, myelinated, pseudo-monopolar

Type II, these outer spiral fibers contact the _____ ____ cells and are more vulnerable than those contacting IHCs

OHC

Efferent neurons descend from the ________ bundle, these fibers _____ contact the OHC but _______ contact the IHC (afferent)

olivocochlear directly indirectly

Type I fibers innervate _______ _____ cells and in humans an average of _ radial fibers innervate _ or _ hair cells: ______ to _____ pattern

IHC 8 1 or 2 many to one

Type II fibers innervate _______ _____ cells and in humans, each fiber innervates an average of __ OHC: _______ to _____ pattern

OHC 10 one to many

Cells show ________ activity ranging from _ or _/sec to ___/sec

spontaneous 0 or 1 to 100

The _____ threshold is the minimum level that results in an _____ rate

neural increased

Neurons with ______ spontaneous rates have the _______ thresholds and vice-versa

high lowest

Cochlear synatopathy, reflects damage to the ______ junction between the hair cells and the ______ nerve

synaptic auditory

Cochlear synatopathy is also known as " ________ ______ loss"

hidden hearing loss

Hidden hearing loss does not elevate _________ thresholds, but rather associated with difficulties on more _____ _____ tasks such as speech recognition in noise

Audiometric complex auditory

Synapses are particularly vulnerable to the effects of ____, ______, and ______

noise ototoxicity aging

Synaptopathy may also be the cause of _______

tinnitus

Above the neural threshold, increasing ______ results in an increasing _____ rate; this is called a _____-_____ function

intensity spike rate rate-level

Tuning curves, plot _________ rate as a function of ______ and are used to look for the _______ level of stimulation which result in an increase in firing above ________ rate

discharge frequency minimum spontaneous

Normal tuning curves are _________

asymmetrical

Normal tuning curves show a point of maximal sensitivity at a frequency called the __________ frequency and with a ____ frequency "tail"

characteristic low

The frequency specificity comes from the fact that the fibers innervating the ______ hair cells are _____ frequency fibers and the fibers from the _______ end are _____ frequency fibers

apical low basal high

The low frequency fibers form the "______" of the nerve bundle and the high frequency fibers are on the "_____" of the bundle

center outside

The tonotopic organization of the cochlea is preserved in the ______ portion of the _____________ nerve

cochlear vestibulocochlear nerve

In _______ histograms, time intervals between ______ are measured and counted

interval spikes

Interval histograms provide information about patterns of ________ ______

neural discharge

Discharge pattern is "______-locked" for frequencies below about ____-____ Hz

phase 4000 - 5000

Auditory nerve fibers are tuned in ______

frequency

The two major parts of the CNS are ______ _____ and _____

spinal cord brain

What are the three subsets to the spinal cord and brain include sections

Cerebrum (cerebral hemispheres, BG, hippocampus, amygdala) Cerebellum Brainstem (medulla, pons, midbrain)

They are covered by ______

meninges

What are the 3 layers of meninges the space between the pia and arachnoid is filled with ____ ____ ___

Dura mater (2 layers) Arachnoid Pia mater (CSF)

Partially separated from each other by a crevice or groove known as the _________ _______

longitudinal fissure

Many other grooves (______ or ____) and ridges (_____) can be used as landmarks and "dividers"

sulci or fissures gyri

What are the four major lobes

Temporal Parietal Occipital Frontal

VIII nerve enters CANS at the junction of the ______ and _____

medulla and pons

Information is carried through several _____ centers for integration and processing and is sent to the ______ and ultimately to the _____ ______ ______

relay thalamus primary auditory cortex

The non-primary pathway is also known as the ______ _____ path

reticular sensory

In CNS, the main nerve cell type is ________ and the VIII nerve cell type is _______

multipolar bipolar

List the major ascending pathways

Cochlear nuclei SOC IC MGB PAC

The cochlear nuclei includes what 3 nuclei

AVCN PVCN DCN

the SOC includes?

MSO LSO MTB

The IC arrives via _______ _____

the MGB is located in the _____

thalamus

neurons innervating hair cells are ______ or ______-_____ neruons

primary first-order

First-order neurons terminate in _____-order cells in the _______ nuclei (upper ______)

second cochlear medulla

Most second-order neurons ______ (cross over to contra side) and terminate on their-order neurons in the opposite ______ _____ ____ (lower pons)

decussate SOC

Neurons continue ______ through to the auditory cortex

sequentially

CN contain various cell types which show different ______ patterns

response

Information is transformed differently in ______ _____ ____ and ____ _____ ___

DCN VCN

SOC receives _______ information

bilateral

SOC is crucial for ________ ______ ability

sound localization

SOC is the mediation site fir the ______ reflex

acoustic

LSO receives input from both ______ ____; cells are _______ by ipsilateral ear stimulation and _________ by contralateral ear stimulation

CN excited inhibited

LSO cells are more responsive to _____ frequencies for ______ _________ differences

high interaural intensity

LSO axons mostly cross _____ to _____ IC

midline to contralateral

MSO is largest in ______

humans

MSO receives fibers from CN of _____ sides, primarily representing _____ frequency stimuli - sensitive to ______ ____ differences

both low interaural time

MSO axons ascend through ______ _____ to the _______ IC

lateral lemniscus ipsilateral

MSO also sends projections to _______ nuclei of ______ and ____ nerves involved in acoustic reflex

motor facial trigeminal

MTB serves as a relay from the contralateral ______ ____ ____ ____ to the ipsilateral ____ ____ ____

AVCN LSO

Olivocochlear (descending) path also arises partly from the ______ _____ _____

MTB

IC main receiver for the ascending path from the ____ ____ ____; also receives ______ afferents from the _______ CN and projections from the nuclei of the ______ _____

SOC direct Dorsal CN lateral lemniscus

IC plays an _______ _____ role in _______, ______ _____ reflex, and _______ _____

auditory reflexive startle head turning reflex auditory attention

IC sends projections to ______ ______ _____

ipsilateral medial geniculate

MGB is the thalamic ______ ____ center

auditory relay

What are the three divisions of the MGB

Dorsal Medial Ventral (DMV)

MGB reveives afferents from ______ ____ (and other locales) and projects to _______ ______ cortex

IC primary auditory cortex

Like the IC, most fibers in the MGB are ________ sensitive

binaurally

Primary auditory cortex is located in the _______ surface of the _______ ______ _____ (AKA _______ gyrus)

superior superior temporal gyrus heschles

The secondary areas of the PAC surround the ______ area

primary

Auditory coretx is implicated in _________ _______ tasks, ______ ______, ______ ______ ______, and _______

Frequency discrimination sound pattern identification sound localization discrimination

Many other ascending pathways include: fibers from ______ _____ directly to IC, "skipped" stations, Collaterals to LL, cerebellum, and reticular formation

The CAP is not just a chain of ______

neurons

Information is carried from the ______ through several ______ centers, which analyze and process the _______, ______, and ______ aspects of sound

cochlea relay spectral, temporal, positional

Several nuclei are present, but only 3 involved with hearing:

AVCN PVCN DCN

The AVCN contains mainly _______ and _______ bushy cells

spherical and globular

Spherical bushy cells are crucial in representing _______ information

timing

Globular bushy cells have a _____ number of inputs, they they tend to fire at _______ onset

large stimulus

both spherical and globular bushy cells receive _______ input from other neurons

inhibitory

The PVCN contains 4 major types of cells:

Globular bushy cells Octopus cells T-stellate cells D-stellate cells

Cells in the PVCN contribute to both the ventral biaural _______ stream and to the dorsal sound _______ stream

localization identification

Octopus cells, which respond over a _____ frequency range, have a strong "_______ response"

wide onset response

Octopus cells respond actively to transients in an ongoing stimulus, which provides information about ______ _______ in complex stimuli such as speech

temporal fluctuations

Stellate cells fire repeatedly at rates unrelated to stimulus phase, and are therefore known as "________" cells

chopper

The DCN is more complex than the ______ nuclei with several layers

ventral

Fusiform (pyramidal) cells receive inputs from _____ nerve fibers and __________

VIII interneurons

Fusiform cells project mainly to the contralateral _____ _____

The DCN also has inputs to the _______ or non-specific pathway

diffuse

LSO ________ at the 2 ears is compared

intensities

MSO ______ at the 2 ears is compared

timing

LSO is _____ in humans

small

Most cells in the LSO are _____ by ipsilateral ear stimulation and _______ by contralateral ear stimulation

excited inhibited

LSO receives direct ______ input from the ipsilateral AVCN and an ________ input from the adjacent MNTB from cells in the contralateral AVCN

excitatory inhibitory

Axons project bilaterally to the ______ ______, with contra mainly ________ and ipsi mainly _______

IC excitatory inhibitory

MNTB serves mainly as a relay from the contra AVCN to the _______ _____ ____ and to the _____ _____ _____

LSO MSO

Olivocochlear (descending) path also arises partly from MNTB, along with ________ and _______ fibers

MOC an LOC

MSO receives from AVCN on both sides, primarily representing ______ frequency stimuli sensitive to _______ time differences and most cells are __

low interaural EE

There are _ reflex arcs 2 are _______ and 2 are _______

4 ipsilateral contralateral

The LL tract contains fibers from the contra ______ _____ and the ipsi _____ _____ ____ as they travel to the IC (in the ______)

CN SOC midbrain

Two major nuclei of the LL are

VNLL DNLL

VNLL is concerned with _______ sound __________

monaural identification

DNLL is concerned with ________ sound _______

binaural localization

The IC is a major _____ station for the auditory information coming from the nuceli of the _______

input brainstem

nearly all ______ fibers pass through the IC

ascending

IC integrates the sound _________ and sound ________ streams

identification localization

The 3 nuclei of the IC are

Central ICC External (lateral) cortex Dorsal cortex

The ______ nuclei is the most important in the IC

central (ICC)

The lemniscal path is _________ organized and responsive to the features of ______

tonotopically sound

The _____-lemniscal path integrates the ________ and _____-_______ inputs

non auditory non-auditory

The central nucleus of the IC is concerned with ______ ______, but also with _______ ______

spatial analysis temporal processing

The function of the external and dorsal nuceli of the IC are not firmly established, but they are involved in ________ _____ responses to sound

spatial reflex

Dorsal nucleus is likely involved in ________ sound _______

vertical sound localization

MGB is the ______ relay in the ascending path

last

MGB main specific auditory division is the ______ division but there is also a _____ and ______ division

ventral medial dorsal

The MGB contributes greatly to sound _______ and to higher level sound _______

localization analysis

The studies of cases of individuals with MGB lesions are limited, but suggest that contralateral ear effects (often quite dramatic) will be seen on ______ ______ tasks

dichotic listening

Just posterior to Heschl's gyrus is the _______ ______, which is larger in most humans in the left hemisphere

planum temporale

The core auditory area of the AC, which receives inputs from the ________ division of the MGB running though the _____ _____

ventral internal capsule

the internal capsule is surrounded by the _____ and ______ areas

belt and parabelt

the internal capsule is critical to ______ ______ _______

central auditory processing

AC the "______" information heads anteriorly while the "______" and "____" information heads posteriorly

what what and where

The cortex has _ layers with various cell types including _____, _____, and ______ cells

6 pyramidal fusiform stellate

Neurons in the AC have a variety of responses in terms of ________, _______ ______, _______, and ______ of source

tuning intensity coding timing location of source

The _______ is part of the cerebral cortex that is deep within the ________ sulcus connecting both the _______ auditory and _______ areas

insula lateral primary association

The insula is involved in a variety of auditory activities including __________, _________ processing, and _______-______ integration

temporal and speech auditory-visual

The ________ _______ is the large fiber tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres

corpus callosum

Fibers of the CC are mainly _______

myelinated

The CC has ________ and _______ fiber types

homolateral heterolateral

Most of the auditory fibers cross in a section known as the _______

sulcus

The auditory centrifugal pathways are _________ (efferent paths) from the cortex to the cochlea

descending

These descending paths allow the central system to influence ________ processing, particularly with regard to ______-_____ responses, _______ ______, improved detection in ______, and protection from the effects of ______ noise

peripheral fine-tuning auditory attention noise loud

The main projection in the olivocochlear system, which projects from the ______ _____ complex to the _____

SOC cochlea

The olivovochlear system has both _______ and _____ paths

crossed and uncrossed

Noise bands are more iffective stimuli than ______

tones

The active process of OHCs is _____-_______, reducing the effect makes the BM response more ______

Non-linear linear

The active process generates cochlear _______

emissions

MOC also affects the whole nerve ______ ______

action potential

LOC is believed to have an influence on the neural ________ of the afferent fibers

excitability

The vestibular system is crucial in: _________ ________, ______, and ______ _______

maintaining balance orientation gaze stability

rotational motions correspond to _____ _____

head turns

Linear motions correspond to ______ _____ (like walking)

head tilts

The osseous labyrinth contains: _ _________ _______ and _______

3 semicircular canals vestibule

Membranous labyrinth contains: _ ______ ______ and _____ _____

3 semicircular canals otolith organs (utricle and saccule)

The utricle and saccule contain the sensory _______ called _______ made up of sensory cells and _______

epithelia called maculae otoliths

Maculae are responsive to ________ acceleration and ________ ______

linear head orientation

In the vestibular apparatus the fluid spaces contain _______

perilymph

semicircular canals, utricle, and saccule are maximally sensitive to particular ________

directions

The utricle responds to movement in the ______ plane

horizontal

The saccule responds to movement in _________ plane

sagittal

The sensory receptors of the vestibular system are called _____ cells which are connected by small _______

hair filaments

The vestibular cells, however have a tall _______

kinocilium

Movement toward the kinocilium are ______ (________ - firing rate increases)

excitatory depolarization

Movement away from the kinocilium are _______ (______ - firing rate decreases)

inhibitory hyperpolarization

The hair cells of the semicircular canals are located in the ______ (at the bottom of the ampulla)

crista

Crista is covered by the ________ ______ ( in which the sterocilia are embedded)

gelatinous capula

Type I hair cells are _____-shaped and are surrounded by an afferent ________; located in the center of the _______

flask terminal cristae

Type II hair cells are _____ _____-shaped and are innervated by ________ ______; located more peripherally

test tube shaped terminal boutons

When the head is roated, endolymph lags _______, moving the capula opposite to the head turn

behind

The hair cells of the otolith organs are located in the ______; the sterocilia of these extend into the otolith membrane, which is covered by calcium carbonate crystals called _______

macula otoconia

Because the otoconia are more _____ than the endolymph, they are moved only in cases of linear motion or changed in head position relative to gravity

dense

When otoconia are displaces, the movement of the overlying membrane ______ the sterocilia

bends

The otolith hair cells will be _________ or ________ according to their position on the maculae

depolarized or hyperpolarized

When the head is in a ______ position there is no ________ acceleration and no _______ flow

fixed rotational endolymph

When the head turns the _______ canals turn; ______ lags and the ______ is moved toward the utricle on the side of the turn producing sterocilia activity toward the kinocilium on that side

horizontal endolymph capula

The primary vestibular afferents are ______ neurons with cell bodies located in the _______ _______

bipolar scarpa ganglion

The primary neurons ______ into ascending and decending branches after entering the brain

bifurcate

List the 4 major vestibular nuclei: _______, _______, _______, and _______ vestibular nucleus

Superior vestibular nucleus (SVN) Lateral vestibular nucleus (LVN) Medial vestibular nucelus (MVN) Inferior vestibular nucelus (IVN)

There are two groups of secondary vestibular neurons: type _ and _

I and II

Secondary vestibular neurons in general, ______ conections run in the contra medial logitudinal ________ and _______ connections run in the ipsi MLF

excitatory fasciculus inhibitory

Maintaining gaze has several complex elements, including: _______ ocular, ________, and ______ collic relfex

vestibulo ocular (VOR) vestibulo collic (VCR) cervico collic (CCR)

There are 3 types of vestibular eye movements: _______, _______, _________

Horizontal Vertical Torsional

For conjugate movement of the eyes the _ pairs of eye muscles must be controlled

otolith connections also contact the ________ eye muscles but the pathways are less clearly defined than are those from the semicircular canals

extraocular

The main rile of the ______ muscles is to move the eyeballs up, down, left, and right

rectus

The main role of the _____ muscles is to control the adjuctments of the eye to maintain ______ while the head is moving

oblique focus

Superior Rectus Muscle – mainly __ Inferior Rectus Muscle – mainly ___ Lateral Rectus – mainly ___ (abduction) Medial Rectus – mainly __ (adduction) Superior Oblique – mainly rotating top of eye ______ nose Inferior Oblique – mainly rotating top of eye _____ from nose

up down out in toward away

The vestibulo-ocular (VOR) response produces a __________ eye movement of the same magnitude, but ______ in direction, to the movement of the ______

compensatory opposite head

The movement of the eyes is the result of _____ to the extraocular muscles on one side and _______ signal to the muscles on the opposite side

inhibition excitatory

VOR organization: type I secondary neurons contact the ________ neurons and sent collaterals to ipsilateral interneurons in the _________ and _______

Oculomotor brainsteam cerebellum

Once the eye reach their maximum displacement, they will quickly move back to the _______

center

Rapid eye movement is called a ________

saccade

________ can be elicited with ______ rotation, watch a _______ object, and by other means

Nystagmus head moving

When doing vestibular testing, the fast phase of nystagmus is measured cranial nerves of particular note for audiologist being list 8

3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10

_______ tone and _____ control are also influenced by the vestibular system

muscle postural

VCR and CCR are involved in _______ the head, and _________ movements of the body and neck

stabilizing coordinating

What are the two major descending pathways to the spinal cord: _______ _________, and _______ ______ tratcs

lateral vestibulospinal tract (LVST) Medial vestibulospinal tract (MVST)

Anatomy Overview Flashcards

Final Exam (438 cards)