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RB Y2 MSK 02 - Rheumatology > Anatomy: Overview of the Lower Limb > Flashcards

Anatomy: Overview of the Lower Limb Flashcards

(108 cards)

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1
Q
A
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2
Q

what are the superficial gluteal muscles

A

gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, tensor fascia latae

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3
Q

what are the superficial muscles of the gluteal region innervated by

A

gluteal nerves:

gluteal maximum: inferior gluteal

all other: superior gluteal

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4
Q

what are the deep muscles of the gluteal region innervated by

A

nerves from the sacral plexus

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5
Q

what is the function to the superficial muscles of the gluteal region

A

extensors (gluteus maximus)

abductors and medial rotators of thigh(gluteus med and min)

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6
Q

what is the function of the deep muscles of the gluteal region

A

-lateral rotators of thigh and hip stabilisers

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7
Q

Trendelenburg’s gait

A

when the pelvis drops on opposite side of the raised limb - indicates that the abductor muscles on the standing limb are weakened or paralysed (superficial muscles)

due to lesion in sup gluteal nerve

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8
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A
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9
Q

what quarter of the gluteal region would you use for injections

A

lateral upper

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10
Q

what are the greater and lesser sciatic foramens formed by

A

sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments

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11
Q

what forms the sciatic nerves

A

L4-S3

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12
Q

what forms the pudendal nerves

A

S2-S4

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13
Q

what forms the -Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh

A

S1-S3

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14
Q

what is the principal nerve to the perineum

A

pudendal nerve

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15
Q

what is the largest nerve in the body

A

sciatic (L4-S3)

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16
Q

what does the posterior cuatenous nerve of the thigh supply

A

skin over posterior thigh, popliteal fossa, lateral perineum and upper medial thigh

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17
Q

the sciatic nerve

A
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18
Q

where does the sciatic nerve usually exit

A

inferior to piriformis

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19
Q

what does the sciatic nerve supply in the gluteal region

A

nothing

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20
Q

what 2 nerves does the sciatic nerve consist of

A

tibial nerve and common fibular bunched together - separate in distal posterior thigh

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21
Q

what is the superior boundary of the femoral triangle

A

inguinal ligament

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22
Q

what is the medial border of the femoral triangle

A

lateral border of the adductor longus

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23
Q

what is the lateral border of the femoral triangle

A

medial broder of the sartorius

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24
Q

what forms the floor of the femoral triangle

A

iliopsoas laterally and pectineus medially

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25
what forms the roof of the femoral triangle
deep fascia (fascia lata)
26
name the contents of the femoral triangle from lateral to medial
femoral nerve femoral artery femoral vein lymphatics
27
what is the femoral triangle surrounded by
connective tissue - femoral sheath
28
what forms the inguinal ligament
inferior edge of the external oblique aponeurosis
29
what is not found in the femoral sheath
femoral nerve
30
31
compartment syndrome
swelling of tissue or increase in fluid (bleeding) causes increased pressure, as the fascia creates an enclosed compartment. affects the function of muscles of nerves in the compartment. can be acute or chronic
32
how is the pressure form compartment syndrome relieved in an emergency
fasciotomy must be done ASAP to reduce risk of irreversible ischaemia
33
what 4 muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the thigh
flexors of the thigh: pectinues, ilipsoas and sartorius extensor of the thigh: quadriceps femoris
34
what nerve are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the thigh supplied by
femoral nerve (L2-L4) psoas major nerve (L1-L3) supplies the iliopsoas
35
what 5 muscles are found in the medial compartment of the thigh
adductors of the thigh: adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus, gracilis, obturator externus
36
what nerve are the muscles in the medial compartment of the thigh supplied by
obturator nerve (L2-L4) the hamstring part of adductor magnus is supplied by the tibial nerve
37
what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh
extensors of thigh and flexors of the leg: semitendinosus, semimembranosus & biceps femoris
38
what nerve are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh supplied by
tibial division of sciatic nerve (L5, S1, S2) the short head of biceps femoris is supplied by common fibular divison of sciatic nerve
39
what is the function of the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg
dorsiflexors of ankle & extensors of toes
40
what muscles are found in the anterior compartment of the leg
tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus, fibularis tertius
41
what are the muscles in the anterior compartment of the leg supplied by
deep fibular nerve (L4, L5)
42
what is the function of the muscles in the lateral compartment of the leg
foot eversion and weakly plantar flex ankle
43
what muscles are found in the lateral compartment of the leg
fibularis longus and brevis
44
what are the muscles in the lateral group of the leg supplied by
superficial fibular nerve (L5, S1, S2)
45
what muscles are in the superifical group of the posterior compartment of the leg
gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris
46
what muscles are in the deep group of the posterior compartment of the leg
popliteus, flexor hallucis longus, flexor digitorum longus, tibialis posterior
47
what are the muscles in the posterior compartment of the leg supplied by
tibial nerve
48
what type of joint is the hip joint
synovial
49
what is the 'socket' of the hip joint
acetabulum
50
what are the hip joint ligaments formed from
thick part of fibrous layer of joint capsule
51
what are the 3 ligaments around the hip joint
* iliofemoral, pubofemoral and ischiofemoral * note: the iliofemoral is an upside down Y shape
52
what is this ligament
iliofemoral
53
what is this ligament
ischiofemoral
54
describe the head of the femurs arterial supply
has its own arterial supply that runs to the head of the femur in the ligamentum teres
55
56
what do the medial and lateral circumfex arteries do
anastomose around the femur
57
where do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries usually come from
deep femoral artery
58
what do the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries give off
retinacular arteries
59
what does the artery to the head of the femur branch off from
obturator
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61
what type of joint is the knee joint
synovial
62
name the 3 articulations of the knee joint
2 x femerotibial and 1 x femeropatellar
63
how is the knee joint strenghtened
by ligaments
64
L - M, anterior view
65
extracapsular ligaments of the knee
66
what are minisci
fibrocartilage
67
waht are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee
patellar fibular (lateral collateral) tibial (medial collateral)
68
what are the intra articular knee ligaments
within joint ant and pos cruciate
69
what are the menisci in the knee joint
medial and lateral mensici
70
types of meniscal tear
71
name the borders of the popliteal fossa
superolaterally – biceps femoris superomedially – semimembranosus inferiorly – gastrocnemius roof – popliteal fascia
72
what is another name for the calcineal tendon
achilles tendon
73
74
what is the achilles tendon formed from
tendons of soleus and gastrocnemius together
75
where does the achilles tendon attach
-attaches to calcaneal tuberosity of the calcaneus
76
what does the ankle jerk reflex result in and what nerves does it test
plantar flexion S1 and S2 nerve roots
77
what arteries around the hip joint are susceptible to damage in intarcapsular fractures
retinuacular arteries
78
what can corticosteroids cause in the femoral head
avacular necrosis
79
what are the small end arteries in the head of teh femur susceptible to
blockage eg fat, thrombus, nitrogen gas
80
81
what muscle can be used as a tendon graft eg for ACL reconstruction
semitendinosus
82
what must be examined in patients that present with knee pain
HIP - obturator nerve can refer pain from hip pathology to knee
83
what is the adductor canal also called
Hunter's canal
84
where does the adductor canal extend to and from
apex of femoral triangle to adductor hiatus of adductor magnus
85
what does the adductor canal contain
femoral vein, artery and saphenous nerve (branch of femoral nerve)
86
where do the femoral artery and vein become the popliteal artery and vein
adductor hiatus (adductor magnus)
87
which menisci if fixed and which is mobile
MM fixed LM mobile
88
which way does the patella always dislocate and what test is performed to detect patellar instability
laterally patellar apprehension test
89
what resists valgus stress
MCL
90
what does the ACL resist
internal rotation and anterior translation of tibia
91
what does the PCL resist
posterior translation of the tibia or anterior translation of femur also hyperextension of the leg
92
what does the LCL do
resist varus stress and helps to resist external rotation
93
what is our tibiofemoral angle on average
6 degrees valgus
94
what do people with genu varum have increased risk of
medial OA - converse for genu valgum
95
96
what will cause increased synovial fluid in the knee joint
acute meniscal tear and degenerative conditions
97
what causes lipohaemarthrosis in the knee joint
fracture
98
what movements comprise pronation of the forefoot
eversion, abduction, dorsiflexion
99
abduction and adduction of the hindfoot
100
what movements comprise supination of the foot
inversion, adduction and plantar flexion
101
what happens if the tibial posterior tendon elongates
flat foot
102
what is another name for flat foot
pes planus
103
quadriceps muscles
104
movement of the tibia during flexion and extension of the knee
knee pivots on medial compartment (medial minisci fixed) during flexion and extension tibia interally rotates on flexion and externally rotates on extension
105
106
describe the lymphatic drainage of the lower leg
* superficial lymphatics to superficial ingiunal nodes * deep lymphatics to deep inguinal nodes * then to external iliac nodes * common iliac * lumbar
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108
what do the PCL and LCL resist
external rotation

RB Y2 MSK 02 - Rheumatology (33 decks)

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