ANATOMY Flashcards
(473 cards)
1
Q
ROUND LIGAMENT
A
ROUND LIGAMENT
2
Q
What is the embryological origin of the round ligament?
A
The gubernaculum
3
Q
Where does the round ligament originate from?
A
The uterine horns where the fallopian tube attaches to the uterus
4
Q
The round ligament leaves the pelvis via the _________________
A
The deep inguinal ring
5
Q
The round ligament leaves the pelvis via the deep inguinal ring passing through the ___________
A
Inguinal canal
6
Q
Where does the round ligament attach?
A
The mons pubis
7
Q
True or False
The ovarian artery directly branch from the aorta
A
True
8
Q
PELVIC BONY ANATOMY
A
PELVIC BONY ANATOMY
9
Q
What are the other names for the pelvic brim
A
- Pelvic inlet
- Superior aperture
10
Q
What comprises the pelvic brim or superior aperture
A
- Pubic symphysis
- Pectineal line
- Arcuate line
- Prominences of the sacrum
11
Q
What comprises the inferior aperture or pelvic outlet
A
- Inferior pubic symphysis
- Ischiopubic ramus
- Sacrotuberous ligament
- Coccyx
12
Q
A ligament connects the sacrum and ischial tuberosity. It also forms a border of the pelvic outlet. What is the name of the ligament
A
Sacrotuberous ligament
13
Q
What two bony structures does the sacrotuberous ligament connect
A
- Sacrum
- Ischial tuberosity
14
Q
What is another name for true pelvis
A
Lesser pelvis
15
Q
What is another name for lesser pelvis
A
True pelvis
16
Q
What is another name for the false pelvis?
A
Greater pelvis
17
Q
What seperates the true and false pelvis?
A
The pelvis brim or inlet
18
Q
The pelvic brim forms the ____________ opening of the true pelvis
A
Superior opening
19
Q
The pelvic brim forms the ____________ opening of the false pelvis
A
Inferior opening
20
Q
The plane of the pelvic inlet is what angle to the horizontal?
A
60 degrees
21
Q
What is the anatomical landmark used for gauging the station of the fetal head during labour?
A
The Ischial spine
22
Q
What is the anatomical landmark used for placing pudendal nerve blocks?
A
The Ischial spine
23
Q
What is the relation of the pudendal nerve to the ischial spine?
A
The pudendal nerve runs posteriorly to the ischial spine
24
Q
The ischial spine can be palpated approximately ___________ cm into the vagina?
A
8cm
The ischial spine can be palpated approximately 8cm into the vagina?
25
The ischial spine can be palpated at ____ and ____ o clock
4 and 8 o clock
26
What comprises the oblique diameter of the pelvic inlet?
Measured from sacroiliac joint to iliopectineal eminence
27
What is oblique diameter of the pelvic inlet?
12cm
28
What comprises the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet?
Sacrum to pubic symphysis
29
What is the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic inlet?
11cm
30
What comprises the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet?
Measured from the coccyx to pubic arch
31
What comprises the oblique diameter of the pelvic outlet?
Measured from sacrospinous ligaments obliquely forward
32
What comprises the transverse diameter of the pelvic outlet?
Measured from distance between the ischial spines
33
What is the transverse diameter of the pelvic outlet?
11cm
34
What is the anteroposterior diameter of the pelvic outlet?
13 cm
35
What is the oblique diameter of the pelvic outlet?
12 cm
36
What type of joint is the pubic symphysis?
Secondary cartilaginous joint
37
What is another name for primary cartilagneous joint?
Synchondrosis
38
Another name for primary cartilagneous joint is synchondrosis. In what age group is this found.
Only seen in children
39
The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint. Describe it
The ends of the 2 pubic bones are covered by a thin layer of hyaline cartilage. This is attached to fibrocartilage which forms a disk.
40
The pubic symphysis is a secondary cartilaginous joint. Where else in the body is this joint found?
Vertebrae
41
LIGAMENTOUS SUPPORT OF PELVIC ORGANS
LIGAMENTOUS SUPPORT OF PELVIC ORGANS
42
What is the broad ligament?
This is a double fold of peritonuem that serves as mesentry for the female pelvic organs
43
List 3 functions of the broad ligament
1. Serve as mesentry for the pelvic organs - encloses uterus, ovaries and tubes
2. Supports the pelvic organs
3. Vascular and neural pathway to pelvic organs
44
What arteries can be found in the broad ligament
1. Ovarian artery
2. Uterine artery
45
What is another name for the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
Infundibulo-pelvic ligament
46
What is the function of the suspensory ligament of the ovary?
Attaches the ovary to the lateral pelvic side wall
47
What structures can be found within the suspensory ligament of the ovary
Ovarian vessels
48
What are the another names for the cardinal ligament?
1. Transverse cervical ligament
2. Mackenrodt's ligament
49
What is the function of the cardinal ligament
Supports the uterus and cervix
50
What is the location of the cardinal ligament
Found at the base of the broad ligament.
Extending laterally from the cervix and vaginal fornix to pelvic sidewalls.
51
What structure is attached to the lateral aspect of the cervix and the lateral wall of the pelvis and is one of the main support of the uterus?
Transverse cervical ligament
52
What is the uterosacral ligaments?
Paired bands of connective tissue
53
Where is the uterosacral ligaments located
Runs posteriorly from the cervix to the sacrum.
54
What is the function of the uterosacral ligaments?
Supports the uterus
55
What conditions can affect the uterosacral ligaments?
1. Endometriosis
2. Pelvic Prolapse
56
Where is the pubocervical ligaments located?
Between the anterior portion of the cervix and posterior surface of the pubic symphysis
57
What is the function of the pubocervical ?
Supports the uterus
58
PELVIC FLOOR
PELVIC FLOOR
59
What is another name for pelvic floor?
Pelvic diaphragm
60
What muscles make up the pelvic floor?
1. Coccygeus
2. Levator Ani muscles
61
How many muscles make up the levator ani muscle?
3
62
List the muscles of the levator ani muscles
1. Puborectalis
2. Pubococcygeus
3. iliococcygenus
63
What is the origin of the puborectalis muscle?
Pubis- posterior surface
64
What is the course of the puborectalis muscle
Forms a U shape around the anal canal
65
What is the insertion of the puborectalis muscle?
Contralateral pubis
66
What is the action of the puborectalis muscle?
Maintains the anorectal angle which helps to prevent fecal leakage
67
Can the puborectalis be voluntarily contracted?
Yes
It can be voluntary contracted to further pinch off the rectum from the anal canal
68
What is the origin of the pubococcygenus?
1. Pubis - posterior surface
2. Tendinous arch of levator ani - anterior portion
69
What is the insertion of the pubococcygenus?
1. Coccyx
2. Sacrum
70
Before the pubococcygenus muscle insert what does it do?
It blends with the contralateral muscle in the midline of the pelvic floor.
71
What are the functions of the Pubococcygeus muscle?
1. Helps maintain fecal and urinary continence
2. Provides support to female pelvic organs
3. Contributes to the overall stability of the pelvic floor
72
What is the insertion of the iliococcygenus muscle?
1. Coccyx
2. Perineal body
3. Anococcygeal ligament
73
What is the origin of the iliococcygenus muscle?
1. Ischial spine
2. Internal oburator fascia- posterior tendinous arch
74
What is the insertion of the iliococcygenus muscle?
1. Coccyx
2. Perineal body
3. Anococcygeaal ligament
75
What is the function of the iliococcygenus muscle?
1. Helps maintain fecal and urinary continence
2. Provides support to female pelvic organs
3. Contributes to the overall stability of the pelvic floor
76
What is the origin of the coccygeus msucle?
Ischial spine
77
What is the insertion of the coccygeus muscle?
1. Sacrum
2. Coccyx
78
What shape is the coccygeus muscle?
Triangular
79
In terms of anatomical location the coccygeus is located _________ to the levator ani muscle groups
Posterior
80
In terms of anatomical location the coccygeus is located _________ to the sacrospinous ligament
Anterior
81
What is the function(s) of the coccygeus muscle?
1. Forms apart of pelvic floor
2. pulls the coccyx forward after defecation
82
What is the primary nerve supply to the levator ani muscle?
Levator ani nerve?
83
The levator ani muscle is primarily supplied by the levator ani nerve, from which plexus does this nerve arise
Sacral plexus
84
What is the nerve root for the primary innervator of the levator ani muscle?
S3 S4
85
The levator ani muscle is primarily supplied by the levator ani nerve. What is the nerve root for this nerve?
S3, S4
86
The levator ani muscle is primarily supplied by the levator ani nerve. What is the nerve root for this nerve?
S3, 34
87
The levator ani muscle is primarily supplied by the levator ani nerve. What fibers does it primarily gives ?
Motor innervation
88
The levator ani muscle is primarily supplied by the levator ani nerve. What other nerves does contribute to it innervation?
1. Pudendal nerve
2. Perineal nerve
3. Inferior rectal nerve
89
What is the arterial supply of the levator ani muscle?
Inferior gluteal artery
90
PIRIFORMIS MUSCLE
PIRIFORMIS MUSCLE
91
True or False
The piriformis muscle forms apart of the pelvic diaphragm
False
92
Where does the piriformis muscle originate?
Sacrum
93
Where does the piriformis muscle inserts?
Greater trochanter
94
What is the nerve supply of the piriformis?
Nerve to the piriformis
L5, S1, S2
95
What is the action of the piriformis muscle?
External rotation of the hip
96
What is the blood supply of the piriformis muscle?
1. Superior gluteal artery
2. Inferior gluteal artery
3. Lateral sacral artery
97
PERINUEM AND PERINEAL POUCHES
PERINUEM AND PERINEAL POUCHES
98
What shape is the perineum?
Diamond shaped
99
The perineum lies below the ___________
Pelvic floor
100
The perineum is bounded anteriorly by ___________
Lower border of pubic symphysis
101
The perineum is bounded laterally by ___________
1. Ischiopubic rami
2. Ischial tubrosities
3. Sacrotuberous ligaments
102
The perineum is bounded posteriorly by ___________
Tip of coccyx
103
The perineum can be divided into 2 triangles. How is this done?
An imaginary line drawn across the ischial tuberosities
104
What is the urogenital triangle?
This is the upper triangle when an imaginary line is drawn across the ischial tuberosities
105
What is the anal triangle?
This is the lower triangle when an imaginary line is drawn across the ischial tuberosities
106
Comment on the perineal skin in males
There is a midline raphe which is continuous with the median raphe of the scrotum
107
Comment on the perineal skin in females
There is a central vestibule and urogenital openings
108
Name the two layers of the superficial fascia of the perineum
1. The outer fatty layer
2. Inner membranous layer
109
What is Camper's fascia
This is the outer fatty layer of the superficial fascia of the anterior abdominal wall
110
What is Colle's fascia
This is the inner membranous layer of the superficial fascia of the perinuem
111
In regards to the perinuem, comment on Camper's fascia in relation to the perineum
The outer fatty layer of the perineum is continuous with the fatty layer of the anterior abdominal wall
112
In regards to the perinuem, comment on Scarpa fascia in relation to the perineum
The inner membranous layer of the perineum is continuous with the Scarpa fascia of the anterior abdominal wall
113
Comment on the relation of Colle's fascia to the pubic arch
Colle's fascia stretch across the pubic arch but is not attached to it
114
What is the lateral attachment of Colle's fascia?
Ischiopubic Rami bilaterally
115
In males the Colle's fascia attaches laterally to the ischiopubic rami and merges with which 3 structures
1. The dartos of scrotum
2. Fascia of penis
3. Scarpa's fascia of the abdomen
116
In males the Colle's fascia does what posteriorly
Travels around the superficial perineal muscle to fuse with the perineal membrane
117
What is the perineal body?
Poorly defined midline aggregation of fibromuscular tissue
118
The perineal body forms a junction between which two structure?
Urogenital and anal triangles
119
Which structure is the perineal body tethered to?
Perineal skin
120
The perineal body is a poorly defined midline aggregation of fibromuscular tissue. What muscles make it up?
1. External anal sphincter
2. Superficial transverse perineal muscles
3. Deep transverse perineal muscles
4. Bulbospongiosus muscle
121
In females, what portion of the urethra is contained in the deep perineal pouch?
Proximal urethra
122
In males, what portion of the urethra is contained in the deep perineal pouch?
Membranous urethra
123
In males, what glands are contained in the deep perineal pouch?
Bulbourethral glands
124
In females name the muscles of the deep perineal pouch
1. Deep transverse perineal muscles
2. External urethral sphincter
3. Compressor urethrae muscle
4.Urethrovaginal sphincter
125
In males name the muscles of the deep perineal pouch
1. Deep transverse perineal muscle
2. External urethral sphincter
126
TO COMPLETE
RETURN!
TO COMPLETE
RETURN!
127
ANAL SPHINCTERS
ANAL SPHINCTER
128
What nerve innervates the external anal sphincter?
Pudendal nerve
129
The pudendal nerve innervates the external anal sphincer, what specific branch does this?
Inferior rectal nerve
130
What are the nerve roots for the pudenal nerve?
S2, S3, S4
131
The external anal sphincter is under voluntary or involuntary control?
Voluntary control
132
The internal anal sphincter is innervated by what?
Pelvic splanchnic nerve
133
Which spinal segment inervates the external anal sphincter?
S4
134
Which spinal segment innervates the internal anal sphincter?
S4
135
What action does the parasympathetic system have on internal anal sphincter?
Relaxation of internal anal sphincter
136
What action does the sympathetic nervous system have on internal anal sphincter?
Contraction of internal anal sphincter
137
THE KIDNEYS
THE KIDNEYS
138
What is the basic functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron
139
How many nephrons are in one kidney?
1 million
140
ANATOMY OF THE BLADDER
ANATOMY OF THE BLADDER
141
What is the normal functional bladder capacity ?
source passmrcog
400 to 600mls
142
The first urge to void is typically felt when the bladder is approximately _________
150mls
143
The urinary bladder is supplied by branch from which major artery
Internal iliac artery
144
What is the arterial supply of the urinary bladder
1. Superior vesical artery
2. Inferior Vesical artery
3. Minor contributions form the obturator and gluteal artery
145
The urinary bladder is supplied by superior and inferior vesical arteries.
Which arteries do they directly branch from?
1. Superior Vesical artery - branch of the umbilical artery
2. Inferior Vesical artery - branch of the vaginal artery
146
What is the venous drainage of the urinary bladder?
Vesicle Venous Plexus
147
What are the sympathetic nerve roots that supply the bladder?
T10 - L2
148
What action does the sympathetics have on the detrusor muscle
Relaxes the detrusor muscle allowing the bladder to relax and store urine
149
What action does the sympathetics have on the internal urethral sphincter
Contracts the internal urethral sphincter causes the bladder neck to close
150
What are the parasympathetic nerve roots that supply the bladder?
S2, S3, S4
151
What action does the parasympathetics have on the detrusor muscle
Detrusor contraction allowing voiding
152
What action does the parasympathetics have on the internal urethral sphincter
Relaxes the internal urethral sphincter causes the bladder neck to open
Facilitate urination
153
What is the lymphatic drainage of the urinary bladder?
1. Internal iliac nodes
2. External iliac nodes
3. Common iliac nodes
154
List the 4 layers of the bladder wall
1. Mucosa
2. Submucosa
3. Detrusor muscle
4. Adventitia
155
The mucosa of the bladder can be further sub divided into how many layers?
two
156
The mucosa of the bladder can be further sub divided into two layers, list them.
1. Transitional epithelium
2. Lamina propria
157
What is another name for the detrusor muscle?
Muscularis propria
158
How many sublayers does the detrusor muscle have?
3
159
List the sublayers of the detrusor muscle
1. Inner longitudinal layer
2. Middle circular layer
3. Outer Longitudinal layer
160
Regarding the histology of the bladder wall, what layer comes after the mucosa?
Submucosa
161
Regarding the histology of the bladder wall, what layer comes after the submucosa?
Detrusor muscle layer or muscularis propria
162
Regarding the histology of the bladder wall, what layer comes after the detrusor muscle layer or muscularis propria?
Adventitia
163
ANATOMY OF THE URETERS
ANATOMY OF THE URETERS
164
What is the name of the epithelium that line the ureters?
Transitional epithelium
165
The ureters are lined by transitional epithelium.
What is another name for transitional epithelium?
Urothelium
166
The ureters are lined by transitional epithelium.
What is the function of this epithelium?
Allows the ureters to stretch and expand as urine passes through
This minimize the risk of rupture
167
The ureters are lined by transitional epithelium.
Describe this epithelium?
Appears as a layer of column shaped cells when relaxed and flatter cells when distended
168
How many artery or arteries supply the upper segment of ureter?
one
169
Which artery or arteries supply the upper segment of ureter?
1. Renal artery branch
170
How many arteries supply the middle segment of ureter?
three
171
List the three arteries that supply the middle segment of ureter?
1. Gonadal artery branch
2. Abdominal aorta branch
3. Common iliac artery branch
172
Name the arteries that supply the lower segment of ureters in females
1. Internal iliac branch
2. Superior vesical artery
3. Uterine artery
4. Middle rectal artery
5. Vaginal artery
6. Inferior vesical artery
173
Name the arteries that supply the lower segment of ureters in males
1. Internal iliac branch
2. Superior vesical artery
3. Middle rectal artery
4. Inferior vesical artery
174
What is the innervation of the ureters?
T11 - L2
Mnemonic T11 looking like the two ureters
175
Based on histology what are the 3 layers of the ureters?
1. Adventitia
2. Smooth muscle
3. Transitional epithelium
176
NERVES OF PELVIS AND LOWER LIMBS
NERVES OF PELVIS AND LOWER LIMBS
177
FEMORAL NERVE
FEMORAL NERVE
178
Which nerve roots make up the femoral nerve?
L2, L3, L4
179
The femoral nerve is composed of L2,3,4 nerve roots. Which division of the ventral rami contribute to the femoral nerve?
The femoral nerve arises from the L2,L3,L4 posterior divisions of the ventral rami
180
What test can be used to be used to assess the strength of the quadriceps?
Straight leg test
181
In obstetrics when can femoral nerve palsy be seen?
1. Compression from a fetus in a difficult birth
2. Instrumental delivery
182
In terms of motor loss how would femoral nerve palsy present?
1. Quadriceps weakness
2. Loss of knee jerk
183
In terms of sensory loss how would femoral nerve palsy present?
Loss of sensation to the anterior thigh and knee
184
PUDENDAL NERVE
PUDENDAL NERVE
185
What nerve roots form the pudendal nerve?
S2, S3, S4
S 2, 3, 4 keeps shit off the floor
186
What are the branches of the pudendal nerve?
1. Inferior rectal nerve
2. Perineal nerve
3. Dorsal nerve to clitoris
187
The pudendal nerve exit the pelvis via greater sciatic foramen then travel behind which structure?
Sacrospinous ligament
188
The pudendal nerve exit the pelvis via greater sciatic foramen then travel behind the Sacrospinous ligament.
Where does the nerve re enter the pelvis?
lesser sciatic foramen
189
The pudendal nerve exit the pelvis via __________
greater sciatic foramen
190
LATERNAL CUTANEOUS NERVE OF THE THIGH
LATERNAL CUTANEOUS NERVE OF THE THIGH
191
What plexus does the laternal cutaneous nerve of the thigh originates?
The Lumbar plexus
192
What division of the lumbar plexus does the laternal cutaneous nerve of the thigh originates?
The posterior division
193
What nerve roots of the lumbar plexus does the laternal cutaneous nerve of the thigh originates?
L2 and L3
Mnemonic 2 from 2
lateral cutaneous nerve L2 L3
genitofemoral nerve L1 L2
194
In terms of innervation what type of nerve is the lateral cutaneous nerve of thigh?
Sensory nerve
195
The lateral cutaneous nerve is purely sensory, where does it innervates?
Upper anterolateral thigh
196
What is Meralgia paraesthetica?
Entrapement of the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
197
What is another name for lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh?
lateral femoral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
198
How would patient present with entrapment of lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh
Pain, numbness or tingling of outer thigh
199
At what location is the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh usually entrapped?
Inguinal ligament
200
Where does the lateral cutaneous nerve of the thigh leave the pelvis?
Under the inguinal ligament
201
Excluding pregnancy, list 3 other causes of meralgia paresthetica?
1. Thight clothing
2. Obesity
3. Repetitive movement
202
LUMBAR PLEXUS
LUMBAR PLEXUS
203
NERVE SUPPLY TO LABIA MAJORA
NERVE SUPPLY TO LABIA MAJORA
204
What nerves supplies sensory innervation to labia majora?
1. Anterior labial nerve
2. Posterior labial nerve
3. Genital branch of genitofemoral nerve
205
What is the origin the posterior labial nerve?
The pudendal nerve
gives perineal nerve
which gives posterior labial nerve
206
What is the origin the anterior labial nerve?
The ilioinguinal nerve branches to give anterior labial nerve
207
What is the nerve root of the genital branch of genitofemoral nerve which gives supply mons pubis and labia majora
L2
208
NERVE SUPPLY & LABOUR
NERVE SUPPLY & LABOUR
209
What plexus give autonomic sympathetic nerve supply to the uterus and pelvis?
Inferior hypogastric plexus
210
The inferior hypogastric plexus give autonomic sympathetic nerve supply to the uterus and pelvis. What other name is the inferior hypogastric plexus known as?
Pelvic plexus
211
The inferior hypogastric plexus give autonomic sympathetic nerve supply to the uterus and pelvis. What is the nerve roots for this plexus?
T10, T11,T12, L1
212
Which dermatomes are labour pains related to uterine contractions in early stage of labour referred to?
T11 & T12
213
Labour pains related to uterine contractions are referred to dermatomes T11 & T12 first, which dermatomes are they referred to next?
T10 & L1
214
What sacral dermatomes are involved during the second stage of labour and delivery?
S2, S3, S4
215
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
216
What is the origin of the rectus abdominis?
1. Pubic crest
2. Pubic symphysis
217
What is the insertion of the rectus abdominis?
1. Xiphoid process of the sternum
2. Costal cartilage of ribs 5,6 & 7
218
What is the innervation of the rectus abdominis?
Thoracoabdominal nerve
These nerves are continuation of T7 -T12 intercostal nerves
219
What is the arterial supply of the rectus abdominis?
Inferior and superior epigastric arteries
minor contributions from intercostal arteries
220
How many tendinous intersections are there in each rectus abdominis muscle?
(Sizer & Neil)
3
221
Three tendinous intersections are located in each rectus abdominis muscle.
Where are they located?
1. Xiphoid process
2. Umbilicus
3. Half way between xiphoid process and umbilicus
222
POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
POSTERIOR VIEW OF THE ANTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL
223
What is the falciform ligament?
Broad thin fold of peritoneum.
Double layered extension of the parietal peritonuem
224
What is the function of the falciform ligament
1. Achors the liver to the anterior abdominal wall and diaphragm
2. Divides the liver into left and right lobes
225
What is the extent of the falciform ligament?
Extends from the diaphragm to the umbilicus
226
What is the contents of the falciform ligament?
The free edge contains the ligamentum teres.
227
What is another name for the ligamentous teres?
The round ligament of the liver
228
What is the ligamentous teres?
Remnant of the umbilical vein
229
What is the embryological origin of the falciform ligament?
Remnant of the embryonic ventral mesentry
230
In terms of anatomical location the median umbilical ligament extends from the _________ to the _______
1. Apex of bladder
2. Umbilicus
In terms of anatomical location the median umbilical ligament extends from the apex of the bladder to the
Umbilicus
231
The median umbilical ligament is a remnant of what structure?
1. Urachus
232
The urachus becomes fibrosed and obliterated to form which structure in the adult?
(Sizer & Neil)
Median umbilical ligament
233
The median umbilical ligament is a remnant of the urachus. What is the urachus?
The urachus is a tubular structure which connects the fetal bladder to the umbilicus.
During the first trimester, the fetus drains urine through the urachus, however it becomes a fibrous cord by birth.
234
Is the median umbilical ligament single or paired?
Single
235
Is the medial umbilical ligament single or paired?
Paired
236
The medial umbilical ligament is a remnant of what structure?
Umbilical artery
237
What is the lateral umbilical fold
Fold resulting from peritoneum covering the inferior epigastric vessels
238
What land mark does the lateral umbilical fold serve as?
Land mark for inguinal hernia classification
239
An inguinal hernia passes laterally to the lateral umbilical fold. How would you classify the hernia
Indirect inguinal hernia
240
An inguinal hernia passes medially to the lateral umbilical fold. How would you classify the hernia
Direct inguinal hernia
241
What is the superior extent of the lateral umbilical fold?
Extends to the arcuate line of the rectus sheath where the vessels enter the sheath.
242
What is the inferior extent of the lateral umbilical fold?
Extends to just medial to the deep inguinal ring.
243
What is supravesical fossa?
Depression between the median and medial umbilical folds immediately superior to the bladder.
244
What is the medial inguinal fossa
Depression form between medial and lateral umbilical folds
245
What is the lateral inguinal fossa
Fossa lateral to the lateral umbilical fold
246
What is the medial inguinal fossa?
Depression within the inguinal triangle on the peritoneal surface of the anterior abdominal wall
247
What significant land mark / structure does the medial inguinal fossa correspond to?
The superficial inguinal ring
248
INGUINAL CANAL
INGUINAL CANAL
249
What is the contents of the inguinal canal in males?
1. Spermatic cord
2. Ilioinguinal nerve
250
What is the contents of the inguinal canal in females?
1. Round ligament of uterus
2. Ilioinguinal nerve
251
Where is the superficial inguinal ring located?
The anterior wall of the inguinal canal
The anterior wall shows an opening called superficial inguinal ring which is situated medially.
252
What constitute the anterior wall of the inguinal canal?
1. Aponeurosis of external oblique
2. Internal oblique - laterally reinforced in a deeper plane
253
Where is the deep inguinal ring located?
In the posterior wall of the inguinal canal
Defect in posterior wall of the inguinal canal located laterally
254
What constitute the posterior wall of the inguinal canal?
1. Transversalis fascia
2. Conjoint tendon - medially placed
255
What is the conjoint tendon?
Tendon formed from tendionous fibers of the internal oblique and transversus muscles
256
Where is the conjoint tendon attached?
Fixed to
1. pubic crest
2. pectineal line
2. linear alba
257
What constitute the floor of the inguinal canal?
1. Inguinal ligament
258
What constitute the roof of the inguinal canal?
1. Internal oblique muscle
2. Transversus muscle
259
FEMORAL TRIANGLE
FEMORAL TRIANGLE
260
What forms the superior border of the femoral triangle?
Inguinal ligament
261
What forms the medial border of the femoral triangle?
Adductor longus - medial border
262
What forms the lateral border of the femoral triangle?
Sartorius muscle- medial border
263
What forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
1. Pectineus
2. Psoas major
3. Iliacus
4. Adductor longus
264
What forms the roof the femoral triangle?
Fascia lata
265
With regards to contents of the femoral triangle, name the nerve found here if any
Femoral nerve and terminal branches
266
Name the contents of the femoral triangle
1. Femoral nerve and terminal branches
2. Femoral sheath
3. Femoral artery and branches
4. Femoral vein and its proximal tributaries including saphenofemoral junction
5. Deep inguinal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
267
What is the name of the deep inguinal lymph node found in the femoral sheath?
Lymph node of Cloque
268
The deep inguinal lymph node found in the femoral sheath is called lymph node of Cloque. Does it have any other name?
Lymph node of Rosenmuller
269
Where in the femoral sheath is the Rosenmuller node located?
Medial to the femoral vein
270
PELVIC ARTERIES
PELVIC ARTERIES
271
The branches of the internal iliac artery can be remembered by what Mnemonic
I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear
272
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'I' represent
Iliolumbar artery
273
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'Love' represent
Lateral Sacral artery
274
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'Going' represent
Gluteal arteries
1. Inferior gluteal artery
2. Superior gluteal artery
275
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'Places' represent
Pudendal artery
276
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'In' represent
Inferior vesical artery
277
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'My' represent
Middle rectal artery
278
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'Very' represent
Vaginal artery
279
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'Own' represent
Obturator artery
280
With regards to the branches of the internal iliac arteries, which arteries begin with letter 'i'
1. Iliolumbar artery
2. Inferior vesical artery
281
The Mnemonic
'I Love Going Places In My Very Own Underwear' can be used to remember the branches of the internal iliac artery.
What artery does 'Underwear' represent
1. Umbilical artery
2. Uterine artery
282
With regards to the branches of the internal iliac arteries, which arteries begin with letter 'U'
1. Uterine artery
2. Umbilical artery
283
With regards to the branches of the internal iliac arteries, which arteries begin with letter 'i'
1. Iliolumbar artery
2. Inferior vesical artery
284
With regards to the branches of the internal iliac arteries, which artery has a inferior and superior branches?
Gluteal arteries
1. Inferior gluteal artery
2. Superior gluteal artery
285
With regards to the branches of the internal iliac arteries, which arterier are the 'LMNOP'
Lateral sacral artery
Middle rectal artery
N
Obturator artery
Pudendal artery
286
Which branch of the internal iliac does the uterine artery arise?
Anterior
287
With regards to the uterine artery, where does it cross the ureters?
Anteriorly
288
True or False
The uterine artery is not the primary vessel responsible for arterial blood supply to the uterus
False
The uterine artery IS the primary vessel responsible for arterial blood supply to the uterus
289
Which arteries branches does the branches of the uterine artery anastamose with?
Branches of the ovarian and vaginal artery
290
The inferior epigastric artery is a branch of which artery?
(Sizer and Neil)
External iliac artery
291
GUT BLOOD SUPPLY
GUT BLOOD SUPPLY
292
Which artery supplies the foregut?
Celiac trunk
293
Where does the celiac trunk arise from?
Abdominal aorta
294
What vertebral level does the celiac trunk arise from the abdominal aorta?
T12 Vertebral level
295
What are the main branches of the celiac trunk?
1. Common hepatic artery
2. Splenic artery
3. Left gastric artery
296
Name the structure of the foregut supplied by the celiac trunk
1. Esophagus
2. Stomach
3. Liver & gall bladder
4. Pancreas
5. Proximal duodenum
297
What artery supplies the midgut?
Superior mesenteric artery
298
What artery supplies the hindgut?
Inferior mesenteric artery
299
What is the main artery to the ascending colon?
The right colic artery
300
The right colic artery supplies the ascending colon, from which artery does this branch?
Superior mesenteric artery
301
What is the main artery to the transverse colon proximal 2/3 ?
The middle colic artery
302
The middle colic artery supplies the transverse colon proximal 2/3, from which artery does it branch?
Superior mesenteric artery
303
What is the main artery to the transverse colon distal 1/3 ?
Ascending branch of left colic artery
304
The transverse colon distal 1/3 is supplied by the ascending branch of left colic artery, from which artery does this branch?
Inferior mesenteric artery
305
What is the main artery to the descending colon ?
Left colic artery
306
The descending colon is supplied by the left colic artery, which artery is this a branch of?
Inferior mesenteric artery
307
What is the main artery to the sigmoid colon ?
Sigmoid artery
308
The sigmoid colon is supplied by the sigmoid artery, from which artery does it branch ?
Inferior mesenteric artery
309
What is the main artery to the rectum upper 2/3 ?
Superior rectal artery
310
The rectum upper 2/3 is supplied by the superior rectal artery, from which artery does this branch?
Inferior mesenteric artery
311
What is the main artery that supplies the rectum lower 1/3 ?
Middle rectal artery
312
The rectum lower 1/3 is supplied by the middle rectal artery, which artery is this a branch of?
Internal iliac artery
313
What is the main artery that supplies the anal canal?
Inferior rectal artery
314
The anal canal is supplied by the inferior rectal artery, which artery is this a branch of ?
Pudendal artery
315
Which bowel section does the middle rectal artery supply?
Rectum lower 1/3
316
Which bowel section does the inferior rectal artery supply?
Anal canal
317
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE GUT
VENOUS DRAINAGE OF THE GUT
318
Which vein(s) does the small bowel initially drain to?
1. Hepatic portal vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein
319
The small bowel initially drains to hepatic portal vein and superior mesenteric vein, where do these veins drain to?
Liver sinusoid
320
Which vein does the inferior mesenteric vein drain into?
Splenic vein
321
Which vein(s) does the large bowel initially drain to?
1. inferior mesenteric vein
2. superior mesenteric vein
322
The large bowel initially drain to the inferior mesenteric vein where does this then drain to?
Splenic vein
323
The large bowel initially drain to the superior mesenteric vein where does this then drain to?
Hepatic portal vein
324
Which vein(s) does the stomach initially drain to?
1. Gastric veins
2. Gastroepiploic veins
3. Short gastric veins
325
The stomach initially drain to the gastric veins, gastroepiploic veins and short gastric veins.
Where do these drain to?
1. Splenic vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein
326
Which vein does the spleen initially drain to?
Splenic vein
327
The spleen initially drain to the splenic vein, where does this drain
Hepatic portal vein
328
Which vein(s) does the liver initially drain to?
Hepatic veins (right and left)
329
The liver initially drain to the hepatic vein, where does this drain to?
Inferior vena cava
330
Which veins does the pancreas initially drain to?
1. Pancreaticoduodenal vein
2. Pancreatic veins
331
The pancreas initially drain to the pancreaticoduodenal vein and pancreatic veins.
Where do these veins drain to?
Splenic vein
332
VENOUS DRAINAGE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
VENOUS DRAINAGE
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
333
Which veins does the uterus initially drain to?
Uterine veins
334
Which veins does the uterus drains after it drains to the uterine vein?
Internal iliac vein
335
Which veins does the cervix initially drain to?
Uterine vein
336
Which veins does the cervix drains after it drains to the uterine vein?
Internal iliac vein
337
Which veins does the ovaries initially drain to?
Ovarian veins
338
The right ovary drains to the right ovarian vein initially, where does it drain after that?
The inferior vena cava
The right ovarian vein drains to the inferior vena cava
339
The left ovary drains to the left ovarian vein initially, where does it drain after that?
The left renal vein
The left ovarian vein drains to the left renal vein
340
Which veins does the follapian tubes drain to initially?
1. Uterine venous plexus
2. Ovarian vein
341
On the right side the fallopian tube drains to the right uterine venous plexus and right ovarian vein, where do these veins drain to?
1. Right internal iliac vein
2. Inferior vena cava
The right uterine venous plexus drains to right internal iliac vein
The right ovarian vein drains to inferior vena cava
342
On the left side the fallopian tube drains to the left uterine venous plexus and left ovarian vein, where do these veins drain to?
1. left internal iliac vein
2. left renal vein
The left uterine venous plexus drains to left internal iliac vein
The left ovarian vein drains to left renal vein
343
Which veins does the vagina initially drain to?
Vaginal venous plexus
344
The vagina initially drain to the vaginal venous plexus, where next does it drain?
Internal iliac veins or hypogastric veins
345
VENOUS SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
VENOUS SYSTEM
URINARY SYSTEM
346
Which vein(s) does the kidneys initially drain to?
Renal vein
347
The kidneys initially drain to the renal veins, where do these veins drain to?
Inferior vena cava
348
Which vein(s) does the ureters drain to?
1. Renal vein
2. Superior vesical vein
3. Inferior vesical vein
349
The ureters drain to into the renal vein, superior vesical vein
and inferior vesical vein. Where do these veins drain?
Inferior vena cava
350
Which vein(s) does the urinary bladder drain to?
Vesical venous plexus
351
The urinary bladder drain to the vesical venous plexus, where does this drain to?
Internal iliac vein
352
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE OF FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
353
What is the major lymphatic drainage of the breast?
Axillary nodes
354
What is the minor lymphatic drainage of the breast?
Parasternal nodes
355
What is the lymphatic drainage of the ovary?
Para aortic lymph nodes
Primarily lateral aortic nodes
356
What is the lymphatic drainage of the fallopian tubes?
Para aortic lymph nodes
357
According to passnrcog where does the lymphatic drainage of the fundus of the uterus drain to?
Para aortic nodes
Lumbar lymph nodes are used interchangeable with paraaortic nodes
358
According to passmrcog where does the lymphatic drainage of the body of the uterus drain to?
1. Internal iliac nodes
2. Superficial inguinal nodes
359
According to passmrcog where does the lymphatic drainage of the cervix drain to?
1.External iliac nodes
and ultimately para aortic lymph node
360
According to passmrcog where does the lymphatic drainage of the vagina (upper 2/3) drain to?
Internal and External iliac nodes
361
According to passmrcog where does the lymphatic drainage of the vagina (lower 1/3) drain to?
Superficial inguinal node
362
PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE
PELVIC ORGAN PROLAPSE
363
According to POPQ stage the following.
The most distal prolapse point > 1cm above the hymen.
Stage 1
364
According to POPQ stage the following.
The most distal prolapse point 1cm above OR below the hymen.
Stage 2
365
According to POPQ stage the following.
The most distal prolapse point > 1cm below the hymen BUT <2cm shorter than the total vaginal length
Stage 3
366
According to POPQ stage the following.
Complete vaginal eversion or procidentia
Stage 4
367
Using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification what is stage 1?
The most distal prolapse point > 1cm above the hymen.
368
Using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification what is stage 2?
The most distal prolapse point is 1cm above OR below the hymen.
369
Using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification what is stage 3?
The most distal prolapse point > 1cm below the hymen BUT <2cm shorter than the total vaginal length
370
Using the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification what is stage 4?
Complete vaginal eversion or procidentia
371
THE OOCYTE
THE OCCYTE
372
What is the zona pellucida?
A glycoprotein layer that surrounds the occyte and early embryo
373
What is the corona radiata?
Granulosa cells which surrounds the oocyte
374
What is the purpose of the corona radiata?
Acts as a protective and nourishing layer for the oocyte
375
What is the perivitelline space?
Space between the zona pellucida and cell membrane
376
What are the functions of the zona pellucida
1. Sperm binding
2. Triggers the acrosome reaction in sperm
3. Blocks polyspermy
4. Protects the embryo during its journey through the female reproductive system
377
An inguinal hernia passes medially to the lateral umbilical fold. How would you classify the hernia?
Direct inguinal hernia
378
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
379
What is another name for the blood testis barrier?
Sertoli cell barrier
380
What hormone stimulate the Sertoli cells?
FSH
381
Which cells form the blood testis barrier?
Sertoli cells
382
What is the blood testis barrier?
This is a tight junction formed between Sertoli cells which protects the developing sperm cells from the body's immune system.
383
The blood testis barrier divides the seminiferous tubule into two compartments.
Name them
1. Basal
2. Adluminal
compartments
384
The blood testis barrier divides the seminiferous tubule into two compartments.
What is the content of the basal compartment?
1. Spermatogonia
2. Blood
3. Lymph
385
The blood testis barrier divides the seminiferous tubule into two compartments.
What is the content of the adluminal compartment?
Sperm at various stage of development
386
What are peritubular myoid cells?
These are smooth muscle cells
387
Where are peritubular myoid cells located?
Surround the seminiferous tubule, surrounds the basement membrane
388
What are the functions peritubular myoid cells?
1. Help to maintain the structure and integrity of the seminiferous tubule
2. Generate peristaltic waves in the tubule aiding transport of sperm within the tubule
389
What are leydig cells?
These are interstitial cellls
390
Where are leydig cells found?
Between seminiferous tubules
391
Comment on the cytoplasm of Leydig cells
Pale cytoplasm as it contain may cholesterol lipid droplets
392
Leydig cells make and secrete a particular hormone, name the hormone
Testosterone
393
Leydig cells make and secrete testosterone, what hormone stimulate this ?
Where is this hormone synthesized ?
LH or lutenizing hormone
Produced from the anterior pituitary
394
What is inhibin function?
Hormone that causes negative feedback on FSH
395
Where is inhibin produced in males and females?
Hormone produced by sertoli cells in males and granulosa cells in females
396
What is the arterial supply for the testis ?
1. Testicular artery
2. Artery to the vas deferens
3. Cremasteric artery
397
The testis is supplied by the following arteries. 1. Testicular artery
2. Artery to the vas deferens
3. Cremasteric artery.
Where does the testicular artery branch from?
Abdominal aorta
398
The testis is supplied by the following arteries. 1. Testicular artery
2. Artery to the vas deferens
3. Cremasteric artery.
Where does the cremasteric artery branch from?
Inferior epigastric artery
399
The testis is supplied by the following arteries. 1. Testicular artery
2. Artery to the vas deferens
3. Cremasteric artery.
Where does the artery to the vas branch from?
Superior vesical artery
Mnemonic Like brother VASsel he is superior
400
What is the venous drainage for the testis ?
1. Testicular vein
2. Pampiniform plexus
401
What is the lymphatic drainage for the testis ?
1. Lumbar
2. Para aortic
402
What is the innervation for the testis ?
1. Spermatic plexus
2. T10 spinal segment
403
There are between ______ and ______ lobules in each testis
There are between 250 and 400 lobules in each testis
404
The male testis contains between 250 to 400 lobules, where are they located?
Each lobule contained in one of the intervals between fibrous septa
405
The male testis contains between 250 to 400 lobules, which extends between the ___________ and the ____________
The male testis contains between 250 to 400 lobules, which extends between the mediastinum testis and the tunica albuginea
406
The male testis contains between 250 to 400 lobules, how many seminiferous tubules are in each lobule?
1 to 3 seminiferous tubules
407
What is the deepest layer of the testis?
Tunica vasculosa
408
List 4 male hormones
1. Dihydrotestosterone
2. Testosterone
3. Androstenedione A2
4. DHEA de-hydro-epi-androsterone
409
Richa Saxena pg 249
Taken from Endosection
List the male hormones from most to least potent.
1. Dihydrotestosterone
2. Testosterone
3. Androstenedione A2
4. DHEA de-hydro-epi-androsterone
Mnemonic DHEA the girl sounding hormone is the least potent
410
MALE & FEMALE URETHRA
MALE & FEMALE URETHRA
411
In males how long is the urethra?
15 to 29cm
412
The male urethra is 15 to 29cm long, how many parts can it be divided into?
3 to 4
413
The male urethra is 15 to 29cm long, name the parts of the male urethra?
1. Prostatic
2. Membranous
3. Penile or bulbous
414
How long is the female urethra?
4cm
415
What epithelium is found lining the prostatic urethra?
Transitional epithelium
416
What epithelium is found lining the penile urethra?
Stratified columnar epithelium
Mnemonic penile urethra tall and upright like columns
417
What epithelium is found lining the distal urethra?
Stratified squamous epithelium
418
What epithelium is found lining the urethral meatus?
Stratified squamous epithelium
419
SCROTAL ANATOMY
SCROTAL ANATOMY
420
What is the arterial supply of the scrotum?
1. Anterior Scrotal artery
2. Posterior Scrotal artery
421
The scrotum is supplied by the anterior and posterior scrotal arteries.
What is the origin of the anterior scrotal artery?
The anterior scrotal artery is a branch of the external iliac artery.
1. External iliac artery
2. External pudendal artery
3. Anterior scrotal artery
422
The scrotum is supplied by the anterior and posterior scrotal arteries.
What is the origin of the posterior scrotal artery?
The posterior scrotal artery is a branch of the internal iliac artery.
1. Internal iliac artery
2. Internal pudendal artery
3. Posterior scrotal artery
423
What is the venous drainage of the scrotum?
Pampiniform plexus which drains into testicular vein
424
How many nerves innervate the scrotal skin?
4
425
List the 4 nerves that innervate the scrotum
1. Anterior scrotal nerve
2. Posterior scrotal nerve
3. Genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve
4. Posterior cutaneous femoral nerve
426
What is the origin of the posterior scrotal nerve?
The Pudendal nerve give rise to the posterior scrotal nerve.
Pudendal nerve = Perineal nerve = Posterior scrotal nerve
427
What is the origin of the anterior scrotal nerve?
The ilioinguinal nerve give rise to the anterior scrotal nerve.
Ilioinguinal nerve = anterior scrotal nerve
428
What is the nerve root of the Ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
429
In regards to the scrotal skin where does the genital branch of the genitofemoral supply?
Anterior scrotal skin
430
What is the nerve root of the genital branch of the genitofemoral supply?
L2
431
What specific divisions of the nerve roots of S1 - 3 constitute the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?
All from the Ventral Rami
Posterior divisons of S1 S2
Anterior divisions of S2, S3
432
What is the nerve root of the posterior femoral cutaneous nerve?
S1 S2 S3
433
What is lymphatics drainage of scrotum?
Superficial inguinal node
434
What two nerves provide sensory innervation of the anterior scrotum?
1. Genital branch of genitofemoral
2. Anterior scrotal nerve of Ilioinguinal nerve
435
What two nerves provide sensory innervation of the posterior scrotum?
1. Perineal branch of posterior femoral cutaneous nerve
2. Posterior scrotal nerve of Pudendal nerve
436
The male scrotum is typically how many degrees cooler than body temperature ?
The scrotum is typically 2 - 2.5 degrees celcius cooler than body temperature.
437
The scrotum is typically 2 - 2.5 degrees celcius cooler than body temperature. Why is this so?
This allows optimum temperatures for enzymes involved in spermatogenesis
438
SPERM ANATOMY
SPERM ANATOMY
439
What arrangement is seen in the sperm axial filament
9 + 2
440
HISTOLOGY - EPITHELIUM
HISTOLOGY
EPITHELIUM
441
Where can simple squamous epithelium be found?
1. Alveoli of lungs
Lining of the following
2. Heart
3. Blood vessels
4. Lymphatic vessels
442
What is the function of simple squamous epithelium?
1. Facilitate diffusion
2. Facilitate filtration
3. Secrete lubricating substances
443
Simple squamous epithelium facilitates diffusion, what is diffusion?
Diffusion is the movement of substances such as oxygen and CO2 through the squame cell based on their concentration gradient into tissue.
444
Where can simple cuboidal epithelium be found?
1. Exocrine glands
Secretory portions of small glands and the ducts
2. Kidney tubules
445
What is the function of simple cuboidal epithelium?
1. Secretory role
2. Absorption
446
Where can ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?
1. Bronchi
2. Uterine tubes
3. Uterus
447
Where can non ciliated simple columnar epithelium be found?
1. Digestive tract
2. Bladder
448
What are the functions of simple columnar epithelium?
1. Absorption
2. Secrete mucous and enzymes
449
Where can stratified squamous epithelium be found?
Lines the following
1. Mouth
2. Esophagus
3. Vagina
450
What is the function of stratified squamous epithelium?
Protects against abrasions
451
Where can stratified cuboidal epithelium be found?
Glandular tissue
1. Sweat gland
2. Salivary gland
3. Mammary gland
452
What is the function of stratified cuboidal epithelium?
Protective tissue
453
Where can stratified columnar epithelium be found?
1. Male urethra
2. Ducts of some glands
454
What is the function of stratified columnar epithelium?
1. Secretes
2. Protects
455
Where can transitional epithelium be found?
Lines bladder, urethra and ureters
456
What is the function of transitional epithelium?
Allows the urinary organs to expand and stretch
457
BRAIN ANATOMY
BRAIN ANATOMY
458
What type of gland is the pituitary gland?
Endocrine gland
459
What size is the pituitary gland
Pea size
460
The pituitary gland is a pea sized gland that protudes from the end of the _________________
Hypothalamus
461
What is the name of the bony cavity that the pituitary gland sits?
Sella turcica
462
The pituitary gland sits in the sella turcica which is a part of which bone?
Sphenoid bone
463
The pituitary gland sits in the sella turcica which is a part of the sphenoid bone.
Which cranial fossa is this located?
Middle cranial fossa
464
Where in the brain is the hypothalamus?
Diencephalon
465
The majority of the lymphatic drainage of the breast passes to which group of lymph nodes?
(Sizer & Neil)
Axillary nodes
466
FEMALE BREAST
FEMALE BREAST
467
What is the basic component of the female mammary gland?
Alveolus
468
What cells line the alveolus in the female breast?
Cuboidal cells that secrete milk
469
What cells surround the alveolus in the female breast?
Myoepithelial cells
470
What structures join to form lobules in the female breast?
Alveoli (pleural)
471
What structures join to form lobes in the female breast?
Lobules
472
In the female breast each lobe has a ____________ that drains into openings in the nipple
Lactiferous duct
473
How many lobe is found in the female breast?
15 to 20
