Anatomy & Physiology Flashcards
(182 cards)
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Structure of body and its parts
2
Q
Physiology
A
How the body functions
3
Q
Prokaryote
A
cell without nucleus, ex: bacteria
4
Q
Eukaryote
A
cell with nucleus and organelles
5
Q
Cell Membrane
A
cell bodyguard; envelops cell, allows substances in/out
6
Q
Cytoplasm
A
“filling” of the cell; holds everything except nucleus
7
Q
Ribosome
A
RNA, site of protein synthesis
8
Q
Mitochondria
A
“Powerhouse” of the cell, DNA, ATP production, found in skeletal muscles
9
Q
ER (Endoplasmic Reticulum)
A
Rough or Smooth– rough=attached ribosomes that transports proteins and smooth=no attached ribosomes that synthesize cholesterol and transport fat
10
Q
Golgi Apparatus
A
Stacked, saucer-shaped membranes that work as receiving, packaging, and distribution center and produces lysosomes
11
Q
Lysosomes
A
Digest nutrients
12
Q
Peroxisomes
A
detoxify substances; found in liver and kidney cells
13
Q
Cytoskeleton
A
Gives cell its shape and structure and allows the cell to move
14
Q
Centrioles
A
Base of cilia and flagella, helps organize mitotic spindle
15
Q
Nucleus
A
“brain” of cell and contains DNA
16
Q
Solute
A
Substance that can be dissolved
17
Q
Solvent
A
Substance that does the dissolving
18
Q
Solution
A
Combination of solute and solvent and they become one substance
19
Q
Intracellular
A
Within a cell
20
Q
Extracellular
A
Outside a cell
21
Q
Intercellular
A
Between cells
22
Q
Passive Processes
A
No energy expended by the cell
23
Q
Diffusion
A
Movement of molecules from a high concentration to low concentration
24
Q
Facilitated Diffusion
A
Diffusion with aid of carrier proteins
25
Osmosis
Movement of water through semipermeable membrane from low solute concentration to high solute concentration
26
Osmotic Pressure
Amount of pressure necessary to stop flow of water across membrane
27
Filtration
Substances forced through membrane by hydrostatic pressure-- important in kidney function
28
Active Processes
Energy expended by the cell
29
Endocytosis
Materials taken into cell
30
Phagocytosis
"cell eating"
31
Pinocytosis
"cell drinking"
32
Receptor-mediated
Specialized membrane receptors bind to substances entering cell
33
Exocytosis
Materials expelled by the cell
34
Active Transport
Where molecules move from low concentration to high concentration of carrier proteins
35
Hypotonic
extracellular fluid is less concentrated than intracellular fluid (hemolysis)
36
Hypertonic
extracellular fluid is more concentrated than intracellular fluid (shrivel)
37
Isotonic
concentrations of extracellular and intracellular fluids are equal
38
Tissue
Groups of similar cells with related functions
39
Histology or Microanatomy
study of tissues
40
Four Primary Types of Tissue
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
41
Epithelial Tissue
Covers skin, lines body cavities, and forms active part of glands
42
Squamous Epithelium
Flat, thin, plate-like cells that line lungs, blood vessels, and thoracic and abdominal cavity
43
Cuboidal Epithelium
cube shaped cells that line the sweat, salivary, and mammary glands
44
Columnar Epithelium
Tall, rectangular cells that line the digestive system and female reproductive system
45
Pseudostratified Columnar Epithelium
Appear to be more than one layer, but all cells touch basal membrane; found in respiratory tract
46
Transitional Epithelium
Can resemble both cuboidal and squamous shapes, but found in urinary areas like the bladder
47
Glandular Epithelium
Specialized epithelial cells that secrete products-- classified as endocrine (secrete hormones into bloodstream) or exocrine (secrete sweat from glands)
48
Connective Tissue
widely distributed throughout the body and composed of three elements: cells, fibers, and matrix
49
Collagen Fiber
white, long, straight, very strong fibers composed of collagen
50
Elastic Fibers
yellow, long, thin, branching, stretchy fibers composed of elastin
51
Reticular Fibers
fine collagen fibers in a complex network
52
Muscle Tissue
Skeletal, Smooth, and Cardiac
53
Skeletal (striated) Tissue
long, parallel fibers with multiple nuclei that attach to and move bones and allow voluntary control
54
Smooth Tissue
spindle shaped, smooth cells found in walls of digestive tract and blood vessels that lack bony attachments and have involuntary control
55
Cardiac Tissue
long, striated cells that are joined at points found only in the heart and have involuntary control
56
Nervous Tissue
tissue for conducting electrical impulses and are located in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves; composed of neurons and neuroglial cells
57
Mucuous Membranes
membranes that connect to the outside of the body that are made to absorb and secrete; ex: respiratory, digestive, urogenital pathways
58
Serous Membranes (serosa)
membranes that line body cavities and DO NOT connect to the outside of the body; ex: abdominal area and chest area
59
Cutaneous Membranes (integument or skin)
membranes exposed to external environment that provide protection
60
Cranial
toward the head
61
Rostral
toward the nose; used to describe structures on the head
62
Caudal
toward the tail
63
Dorsal
toward backbone
64
Ventral
away from backbone
65
Medial
closest to median plane or middle
66
Lateral
farthest from the medial plane
67
Proximal
the point closest to the backbone; used for reference to the limbs
68
Distal
the point furthest from the backbone; used for reference to the limbs
69
Anterior
toward the head; used in reference to limbs
70
Posterior
toward the tail; used in reference to limbs
71
Palmar
bottom of front foot
72
Plantar
bottom of rear foot
73
Superficial
toward the outer surface o the animal; ex: skin is superficial to the muscle
74
Deep
away form the outer surface of the animal; ex: bone is deep to the muscle
75
Osteology
study of bones
76
Axial Skeleton
Bones found on the midline or attached to it-- does NOT include limbs
77
Appendicular Skeleton
all bones present in the limbs; ex: femur, humerus
78
Bone Functions
Support soft tissues of body, protect vital organs, act as levers for muscle attachment, store minerals, and produce blood cells
79
Osteoblast
immature bone cell that produces osteoid
80
Osteocyte
mature bone cell that occupies a lacuna in bone
81
Osteoclast
very large multinucleate cells capable of dissolving bone matrix and releasing minerals (osteolysis)
82
Osteogenesis
formation of bone
83
Endochondral
bones formed from cartilage bars laid down in the embryo
84
Intramembranous
bones formed form fibrous membranes laid down in the embryo
85
Dog & Cat Vertebral Formula
```
Cervical vertebrae: 7
thoracic vertebrae: 13
lumbar: 7
sacral: 3
caudal or coccygeal: 6-23
```
86
Does a dog or cat have a clavicle?
Cat
87
Horse Vertebral Formula
cervical: 7
thoracic: 18
lumbar: 6
sacral: 5
caudal or coccygeal: 15-20
88
Cattle Vertebral Formula
cervical: 7
thoracic: 13
lumbar: 6
sacral: 5
caudal or coccygeal: 18-20
89
Pig V.F.
cervical: 7
thoracic: 14-15
lumbar: 6-7
sacral: 4
caudal or coccygeal: 20-23
90
Sheep V.F.
cervical: 7
thoracic: 13
lumbar: 6-7
sacral: 4
caudal or coccygeal: 16-18
91
What bone does the male dog and cat both have?
A baculum or os penis in the penis
92
What bone do cattle have that are unique to them?
An os cordis in the heart
93
What bone do pigs have that are unique to them?
An os rostri in the snout
94
Articulations
joints; when two or more bones are united by fibrous, elastic, or cartilaginous tissue
95
Synovial
joint cavity filled with synovial fluid and diarthroses (majority of joints are these)
96
Ball and socket (spheroid)
location: shoulder and hip joints
97
Athrodial (condyloid)
location: radoiocarpal joints
98
Trochoid (pivot)
location: atlantoaxial
99
Hinge (ginglymus)
location: stifle, elbow
100
Gliding
location: radioulnar, intervertebral
101
Saddle
location: carpometacarpal, PRIMATES ONLY
102
Skeletal Muscle
responsible for voluntary movement
103
Smooth Muscle
responsible for involuntary movement such as digestion
104
Cardiac Muscle
responsible for cardiac contractions
105
Flexor
usually decreases angle of a joint
106
Extensor
usually increases angle of a joint
107
Abductor
moves bone away from midline
108
Adductor
moves bone toward midline
109
Levator
produces dorsally directed movement
110
Depressor
produces ventrally directed movement
111
Sphincter
increases the size of an opening
112
Nervous System
central nervous system which contains the brain and spinal cord; peripheral nervous system which contains the nerves connecting to the central nervous system
113
Cerebrum
site of motor control, interprets sensory impulses, and areas of association which consists of frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal lobe
114
Diencephalon
thalamus (interprets sensation such as pain) and hypothalamus (regulates body temp, emotion, fluid balance, thirst etc.)
115
Brainstem
consists of midbrain (connects cerebrum and hind brain), pons (contains respiratory centers), and medulla oblongata (where nerve fibers cross from one side of brain to other)
116
Cerebellum
controls coordination and balance
117
Spinal Cord
conveys sensory impulses from the periphery to the brain and to conduct motor nerve impulses from the brain to the periphery
118
Meninges
dura meter, pia mater, arachnoid membranes that enclose the spinal cord
119
Cerebrospinal fluid
colorless, watery fluid that contains protein, glucose, and ions-- cushions and nourishes the brain
120
Blood-brain Barrier
protects brain from fluctuations in chemical levels present in bloodstream
121
PNS
all nerve processes connecting to the central nervous system
122
Neuron (nerve cell)
composed of dendrites (receiver of impulse) , cell body (delivers impulse to axon) , and axon (leads impulse away to a synapse)
123
Neuroglial Cells
connective tissue cells in central and peripheral nervous system that provide protection and support
124
Cardiovascular System
consists of heart and blood vessels that provide the force to circulate blood to the entire body
125
Myocardium
heart muscle
126
Pericardium
double walled membranous sac covering the myocardium
127
Endocardium
a serous membrane lining the inner chambers of the heart
128
Precava
cranial vena cava or superior vena cava
129
Postcava
caudal vena cava or inferior vena cava
130
Heart Rates for Animals
dog: 60-160
cat: 140-220
horse: 28-50
cattle: 40-80
swine: 70-120
sheep and goat: 70-80
llama: 60-90
mouse: 450-750
131
Systolic
force exerted during contraction of ventricles at max
132
Diastolic
force exerted while ventricles are relaxed (minimum)
133
Peristalsis
movement of food through digestive tract with smooth muscle contractions
134
Trypsin
Digests proteins
135
Lipase
Digests fats
136
Amylase
Digests starch
137
Bile
Emulsifies fat
138
Elastase
Acts on elastin
139
Peptidases
Acts on large peptides
140
Nucleases
Acts on nucleic acids
141
Lymphatic System
transports fat from digestive tract to blood, develops immunity, and returns protein containing fluid that escapes from capillaries and returns it to the venous system
142
Lymph organs
Spleen, tonsils, thymus, mucosa associated lymphatic tissue (MALT)
143
Ventilation
movement of air between atmosphere and lungs
144
External respiration
exchange of gases between alveoli and blood
145
Internal respiration
exchange of gases between the blood and the cells
146
Respiratory Rates for Animals
dog: 16-32 bpm
cat: 20-42 bpm
horse: 8-16 bpm
cattle: 12-36 bpm
swine: 32-58 bpm
sheep: 16-34 bpm
llama: 12-30 bpm
mouse: 80-230 bpm
147
Pneumothorax
air in thoracic cavity
148
Atelectsis
collapsed lungs
149
Pleuritis
inflammation of the pleural membranes
150
Pneumonia
inflammation of the lungs caused by bacteria, viruses, or chemicals
151
Eupnea
normal, quiet respiration
152
Dyspnea
difficult breathing
153
Apnea
no breathing
154
What two accessory sex glands do cats have?
prostate and bulbourethral (Cowper)
155
What four accessory sex glands do stallions have?
seminal vesicles, prostate, bulbourethral, and ampulla
156
Gestation Periods for Animals
cat and dog: 63 days
horse: 336 days
cow: 285 days
pig: 114 days
sheep: 147 days
goat: 150 days
157
Dystocia
difficult birth
158
Ruminant Stomach
stomach found in cattle, sheep, goats, and llamas; composed of rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum
159
Nasopharynx
from outside nares to soft palate
160
Oropharynx
from soft palate to hyoid bone (midline between chin and thyroid)
161
Laryngopharynx
from hyoid bone to larynx
162
Estaschian tube
from middle ear to nasopharynx
163
Monestrus
one menstrual cycle per year; mink
164
Diestrus
cycle in spring and fall; dog
165
Polyestrus
more than one cycle per year or continuous; pig
166
Seasonally polyestrus
cycle continuously in specific seasons; cat, horse, sheep
167
Reflex or induced ovulators
ovulate after being bred; cat, rabbit, mink, ferret, llama, alpaca
168
Spontaneous ovulators
ovulation occurs naturally regardless of coitus; dog, cattle, horse
169
Estrous Cycle
proestrus -> estrus -> metestrus -> diestrus -> anestrus
170
Protective fetal membranes
amnion, allntois chorion
171
Parturition
act of giving birth
172
Sclera
outermost layer of eye
173
Uvea
middle vascular layer of eye
174
Retina
innermost layer of eye
175
Vitreous humor
clear gel that occupies space between lens and retina
176
Lens
focuses light on retina
177
Iris
colored part of eye, regulates light passing through
178
Aqueous humor
clear fluid between outside and inside chambers between cornea and lens
179
Cornea
transparent covering on eye
180
Conjunctiva
mucous membrane that lines eyelids
181
Nicititating membrane
third eyelid
182
Ear anatomy
outer ear, middle ear, inner ear
