Urinalysis and Hematology

Question 1

Ammonia

Answer 1

increase from proliferation of urease producing bacteria

Question 2

Bacteria

Answer 2

increase from the in vitro proliferation of bacteria that normally inhabit urethra or prepuce or arise from UTIs or contamination externally; concentration doubles every hour at room temp

Question 3

Bilirubin

Answer 3

decrease from exposure to light and oxidation at room temp

Question 4

Casts

Answer 4

increase as a result of alkalization or dilution of urine

Question 5

Crystals

Answer 5

types and numbers increase or decrease with pH and temp changes (cold temp increases number of crystals)

Question 6

Erythrocytes

Answer 6

hemolysis caused by dilute or alkaline urine or freezing urine

Question 7

Gluocse

Answer 7

decreases from metabolism by cells or bacteria or from inhibition of enzymatic reaction on the chemistry strip if the urine is cold

Question 8

Hemolysis

Answer 8

increases as a result of deterioration of erythrocytes in alkaline or dilute urine blood

Question 9

Ketones

Answer 9

may increase with presence of bacterial metabolism and volatilization of acetone

Question 10

Leukocytes

Answer 10

increase with alkalization or dilution of urine or freezing

Question 11

Nitrites

Answer 11

increase when bacteria convert nitrate to nitrite; decrease when nitrite converted to nitrogen and evaporates

Question 12

Odor

Answer 12

becomes stronger from the ammonia produced form bacterial metabolism

Question 13

pH

Answer 13

usually increases alkaline with the presence of urease producing bacteria or loss of carbon dioxide; decreases acidic with the proliferation of non urease producing bacteria and yeasts converting glucose to acids

Question 14

Proteins

Answer 14

increase from bacteria proliferation, alkalization, contamination with chemicals, some medications, blood substitutes, anesthetics, or elevated body temp; decrease with acidic urine

Question 15

Turbidity

Answer 15

Develops from presence of bacteria, proliferation of crystals, or precipitation of amorphous material

Question 16

Somatic Cells

Answer 16

deteriorate with increase in pH or freezing

Question 17

Urobilinogen

Answer 17

decreases on exposure to light

Question 18

Yeast or fungi

Answer 18

increase from external contamination or resistant UTI

Question 19

Isosthenuria

Answer 19

urine having same specific gravity as plasma

Question 20

Hyposthenuria

Answer 20

urine having lower spec gravity than plasma

Question 21

Hypersthenuria

Answer 21

urine having higher spec gravity than plasma

Question 22

Dioctophyma renale

Answer 22

giant kidney worm that affects dogs, wild and domestic animals

Question 23

Pearsonema plica and Pearsonema feliscati

Answer 23

bladder worm of dogs, foxes, and cats

Question 24

Stephanurus dentatus

Answer 24

kidney worm of pigs

Question 25

Trichosomoides crassicauda

Answer 25

bladder worm of rats

Question 26

Dirofilaria immitis

Answer 26

larvae in canine samples

Question 27

Leukocytosis

Answer 27

increase in white blood cell count

Question 28

Leukopenia

Answer 28

decrease in white blood cell count

Question 29

Thrombocytopenia

Answer 29

decreased platelet number

Question 30

Thrombocytosis

Answer 30

increased platelet number

Question 31

MPV

Answer 31

mean platelet volume; provides average size of platelets on automated instruments

Question 32

Hyperproteinemia

Answer 32

increased protein levels that can occur with dehydration, inflammatory responses, neoplasia, and multiple myomas

Question 33

Hypoproteinemia

Answer 33

decreased protein levels that can occur from protein loss or hemodilution